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Research article

M. Al-Dabbas ¹ and N.M.E. Abu-Rmeileh ² 

الإصابات بوخز الإبرة لدى الأطباء المقيمين وطَلَبة الطب في الأرض الفلسطينية المحتلة

محمد خضر محمود الدباس، نفين محمد إلياس أبو رميلة

الخلاصـة: هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على معدل انتشار الإصابات الناجمة عن وخز الإبرة لدى الأطباء المقيمين وطَلَبة الطب، إلى جانب معارفهم ومواقفهم والاستراتيجيات الوقائية التي يتبعونها إزاء التعرض للعوامل المسببة للأمراض المنقولة بالدم. وقد أجرى الباحثون دراسة مستعرضة شملت 272 مشاركاً استكملوا استبياناً يملأ ذاتياً، وتبين أن ما يزيد على %40 من المشاركين قد عانوا من وخزة إبرة واحدة على الأقل. وكان خياطة الجروح أكثر الأسباب شيوعاً للإصابة (%33.5)، وكان أعلى معدلات الوقوع في غرفة الطوارئ (%55.5)، وسجل الفشل في الإبلاغ عن الإصابة إلى المسؤول الصحي في %48.6 من الإصابات، ولم يَتَلَقَّ اللقاح المضاد للالتهاب الكبدي "بي"، أكثر من %46.7 من المقيمين، حيث إن معظم الطلبة (%76.8) قد استكملوا جدول لقاحاتهم (0.001

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of needlestick injury (NSI) among interns and medical students as well as their knowledge of, attitude towards and their protective strategies against exposure to bloodborne pathogens. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 272 participants using a self-administered questionnaire. Just over 40% of the participants had experienced at least 1 NSI. Wound suturing was the most common cause of injury (33.5%), and the highest incidence (55.5%) was in the emergency room. Failure to report the injury to health representatives was recorded for 48.6% of NSIs. Only 46.7% of the interns had received the hepatitis B vaccine whereas most of the students (76.8%) had completed their vaccination schedule (P 

Blessures par piqûre d'aiguille chez les internes et les étudiants en médecine en Territoire palestinien occupé

RÉSUMÉ L'objectif de la présente étude était de déterminer la prévalence des blessures par piqûre d'aiguille chez les internes et les étudiants en médecine ainsi que les connaissances, les attitudes et les stratégies de protection contre l'exposition à des agents pathogènes à transmission hématogène. Une étude transversale a été menée auprès de 272 participants au moyen d'un auto-questionnaire. Un peu plus de 40 % des participants avaient été blessés au moins une fois par piqûre d'aiguille. La cause la plus fréquente de ces blessures (33,5 %) était la suture des plaies, alors que l'incidence la plus forte était observée dans les services des urgences (55,5 %). Dans 48,6 % des cas, la blessure n'avait pas été notifiée aux responsables sanitaires. Seuls 46,7 % des internes avaient reçu le vaccin contre l'hépatite B, mais la plupart des étudiants (76,8 %) étaient à jour dans leurs vaccinations (P < 0,001). Les résultats de l'étude indiquent que les participants sont confrontés à un haut risque de blessures par piqûre d'aiguille et d'infections hématogènes.

¹Department of Continuing Education, Al-Quds University Medical School, Jerusalem, West Bank, Palestine (Correspondence to M. Al-Dabbas: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it )

²Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Birzeit, West Bank, Palestine.

Received: 16/08/10; accepted: 28/11/10

EMHJ, 2012, 18(7):700-706

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Introduction

One of the most serious threats health-care workers face during their clinical practice is the possibility of exposure to deadly viruses. They are exposed to preventable injuries involving over 20 different bloodborne pathogens resulting in about 1000 infections per year, of which the most common are hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [1]. Accidental needlestick injuries (NSI) are an occupational hazard for health-care workers: more than 100 000 injuries are reported in hospitals in the United Kingdom annually [2] and 600 000–800 000 in the United States of America. However, at least half of all such injuries are believed to go unreported [3,4]. According to the World Health Organization, 16 000 cases of Hepatitis C, 66 000 cases of Hepatitis B and 1000 cases of HIV may have occurred worldwide in the year 2000 among health-care workers through exposure to NSIs [5].

In the last few years, worldwide statistics on needlestick injuries have become more precise; several benchmark numbers are lower than previously thought [3]. Despite this, NSI remains one of the hidden problems for health-care workers in some countries, including Palestine, where it is also very prevalent [6–8]. A study done in Canada has shown that 70% of nurses, 47% of technicians, 78% of residents and 74% of laboratory technicians were exposed to the dangers of NSI [9].

In November 2002, World Health Report data indicated that 2.5% of HIV and 40% of hepatitis B and C cases among health-care workers worldwide were the result of occupational exposure [10].

Hepatitis B is the most important infectious occupational hazard for health-care workers and medical students in the Occupied Palestinian Territory since it is situated in area of intermediate endemicity for HBV carriers [11], while the Gaza Strip is considered an endemic area [12]. For HBV, the risk of pathogen transmission with a sharp object has been estimated to be 6%–30%; for HCV it is 5%–10% and for HIV 0.3% [13–15]. Post-exposure prophylaxis is shown to be effective in 75% to over 90% of cases for HBV; for HIV, the risk of infection is reduced. So far, there is still no known means of preventing HCV acquisition following NSI [13].

The emotional impact of an NSI can be severe and long-lasting, even when a serious infection is not transmitted. Yet the problem of exposure to contaminated blood among health-care workers, especially interns and medical students, has received inadequate attention in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and selected determinants of NSIs among interns and medical students in the Occupied Palestinian Territory as well as their knowledge, attitude and protective strategies used against exposure to bloodborne pathogens. We conducted this study with the hypothesis of a high prevalence of NSI among interns and medical students owing to lack of knowledge and carelessness.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, the participants comprised 137 interns working in 9 hospitals in 6 governorates in the Occupied Palestinian Territory and 135 medical students enrolled in the 3 Palestinian medical schools (Al-Quds, Annajah and Al-Azhar) (58 from 5th year and 77 from 6th year) during their clinical practice (Table I). We targeted all interns and medical students during their clinical practice. Response rate was (272/339) 80%. Students on sick leave, or travelling during the study period were excluded.

Anonymous, self-administered questionnaires were distributed among the participants over a period of 2 months (February and March, 2009). Medical students who were not in their clinical practice distributed the questionnaire and explained the objectives of the study to the participants. They then collected all the questionnaires and sent them back to the main researcher, who was responsible for the coding and data entry. The participants (the 3 groups) were asked to recall all their past experiences of needlestick injuries (NSI) and the surrounding circumstances since the start of their clinical practice. This was 4 years for the interns (starting from the fourth year in medical school), 3 years for sixth year students and 2 years for fifth year students.. Questions pertaining to self-perceived cause of injury and knowledge of bloodborne diseases, NSI reporting and personal protection, assuming the availability of protective measures, were also asked.

The questionnaire was designed based on several studies and questions propounded in various references [3,5,6] and it was piloted on 11 randomly selected individuals (6 medical students in Al-Quds University, and 5 interns from 2 hospitals; none of whom was included in the study sample) and the questions were modified accordingly.

In this study NSI was defined as an injury caused by a sharp instrument, including, but not limited to, needles, scalpels and contaminated broken glass, which are potentially contaminated with the body fluid of another person [16]. Cases of NSI were respondents who had had at least 1 experience of NSI; the number of injuries they experienced was also counted.

The data were analysed using SPSS, version 15; the associations between the dependent variable (NSI) and the selected independent variables were tested using the chi-squared test for categorical variables with alpha set at 5%.

Results

A total of 272 questionnaires (of 339) were completed, 137 (50.4%) were interns (response rate 84%), 77 (28.3%) were 6th year and 58 (21.3%) were 5th year medical students (overall response rate 77 % for medical students). The overall response rate was 80.2%.Mean age was 24.8 (standard deviation = 2.75) years: 56.2% of the participants were male and 43.8% female.

Since the beginning of their clinical practice, 41.2% of all respondents had experienced at least 1 NSI: 57.7% of the interns, 28.6% of 6th year and 19.0% of 5th year medical students (Table 1).

The relation between education level (intern versus medical student) and NSIs was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001) (Table 1), as opposed to sex: prevalence of NSI among male students was 24.2% compared to 25.8% for female students (P = 0.83), and 52.4% among male interns compared to 65.2% for female interns (P = 0.16). The results show that 34.2% (38) of the injured participants had had 1 NSI, 37% (41) had had 2, 13.5% (15) had had 3, and 15.3% (17) had had more than 3.

Of the 239 injuries recalled, cause was reported for 179 cases (Table 2). Wound suturing was specifically cited as the cause of injury in 60 cases (33.5%). Injury during intramuscular injection accounted for 20.7%, followed by recapping needles (18.4%). The habit of recapping used needles was reported by 71.6% (192) of the respondents.

The highest incidence of NSIs was found in the emergency room (55.5%), followed by obstetrics (15.0%) and surgery wards (9.6%) (Table 2).

The most common post-exposure action taken by the injured personnel was washing and disinfection with povidone iodine solution (63.1%), followed by only washing the site of injury (16.2%); 7.2% did nothing after being exposed to NSI.

Almost 50% of all NSIs were not reported to occupational health departments, mostly because the injured person did not know to whom or to where the injuries should be reported (29.5%), or did not know it should be reported (27.7%) (Table 3). Interns (37.3%) were statistically significantly less likely to report needlestick injuries than medical students (66.0%) (P < 0.01).

Of those who did not experience NSI during their clinical practice, 37.9% of the interns and 70.6% of the medical students believed this was because they did few procedures, whereas 33.8% of all the participants cited extreme care to be the reason for not being injured.

The majority of respondents did not routinely use gloves when administering intramuscular (77.0%) or intravenous (59.7%) medications, or during intravenous cannulation (57.3%) (Table 4). Gloves are commonly worn for inspecting wounds (89.2%), and almost always for wound suturing (95.9%). Glove usage did not vary with education level: usage by interns, and 5th and 6th year medical students was similar.

Additionally, 53.2% of the participants did not use the double glove technique because they believed that wearing 2 gloves decreases hand sensation (31.6%). Some believed that the double glove technique does not increase protection (25.7%); others just followed the example of other health professionals who did not wear double gloves (22.8%) (Table 5). The relationship between wearing 2 gloves and education level was not statistically significant (P = 0.09).

Most of the participants (87.0%) reported that they always used sharps containers to dispose of needles as 19.4% practiced recapping sometimes or rarely and only 9.0% never recap needles. In addition, eye protection was not used routinely by the majority (97.0%) of the participants.

Only 64 interns (46.7%) had received the hepatitis B vaccine while 81.6% of 6th-year medical students and 71.9% of 5th-year medical students had completed their vaccination process (P < 0.001); the remaining 53.1% of interns and 23.2% of medical students had not started (18.9%) or had not completed (19.3%) the vaccination process. The reasons included being already positive to HBV antibodies, being busy on the day of the vaccination, or simply forgetting; others claimed that it is the responsibility of health authorities to arrange and announce for the vaccination programmes. The relationship between receiving the hepatitis B vaccine and education level was statistically significant (P = 0.006).

The majority of the participants (76.3%) said they had acquired knowledge of bloodborne diseases mainly through formal lectures in their medical schools and 23% from books.

In our study, 51.5% of the participants considered their level of knowledge of what should be done after exposure to NSI to be insufficient. Only 34.2% stated they had learnt the proper way of performing medical procedures in medical school, while 43.5% did so from observing other health-care workers.

Discussion

The results of our study are in agreement with the results of a study on medical students in France, where 24% had at least 1 experience of NSI, Wound suturing accounted for 58% of these injuries [17]. In a Washington study, 30% of medical students had at least 1 experience of NSI and most of the injuries occurred in the operating room [7]. In addition, most of the students (61.9%) in a Taiwan study had NSI, and the majority of the injuries occurred in patient's rooms [8].

This is also in agreement with a study from New York (27% of students had at least 1 NSI) [18], and with the studies by Norsayani and Noor Hassim [6], Abu-Gad and Al-Turki [19] and Jepsen and Smith [20] in which the frequency of injury in medical students was reported at 22.0%–35.5%. Other studies on medical students have reported 51.9%–83% for NSI [15].

One of the main factors causing different numbers of NSI cases may be the definition in different studies. In many studies, injuries from all types of sharp pointed instruments were under consideration; however, in others only hollow-needle instruments were taken into account. The general definition we followed in our study will give a higher percentage compared to the specific definition used in other studies.

In our study, the most common reason for not reporting NSIs was the lack of knowledge to whom or where injuries should be reported and lack of knowledge that all injuries had to be reported. Here we have 2 points to discuss: first the preparation of medical students and how to protect themselves. i.e. a criticism of the curricula used in medical universities. Second, internal hospital regulations should be explained to students and interns before they get in contact with patients. This needs to be discussed with the relevant authorities to make it applicable for all health-care workers in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.

One other important issue is that about a quarter of the respondents believed that reporting was not important and would not influence the outcome. This is serious since it indicates that those respondents are not careful enough about their health and so don’t care about protective measures. This might lead to other malpractices, which may affect patients’ health in addition to their own.

The observed high level of under-reporting suggests that the students’ need for education on prevention, and especially on the importance of reporting all NSIs and the possibility of prophylaxis after exposure to bloodborne pathogens [8,13,14], because when a health-care worker suffers a needlestick injury, not only is he/she exposed to the risk of disease, but so are his/her future patients. In order to safeguard patients, it is imperative that interns and medical students report NSIs.

The rates for glove use were similar to rates previously demonstrated in North America [9,16,21]. Whitby and McLaws found that 43% of health-care workers always wore gloves when venesecting [21]; this was 40.3% in our study. In a study on French medical students, 91% always wore gloves during wound suturing [17]; in our study, the great majority of interns and medical students did appear to wear gloves for wound suturing (95.9%) and/or inspection (89.2%), where the risk of contamination with body fluids is high.

The most common department in which the participants had the experience of an NSI was the emergency department, followed by the obstetrics and surgical departments, mostly during wound suturing, intramuscular injection and recapping needles. In a French study, it was reported that most of the injuries (58%) took place while suturing wounds [17], while recapping needles was the commonest cause of injury in some other studies [9,21]. The gynaecology ward, the emergency room and the surgery ward have also been reported as being common departments for NSIs [6,22]. Recapping of used needles was a common practice among interns and medical students in our sample, despite specific guidelines laid down by the health authorities.

The present study showed that 53.3% of interns, 18.4% of 6th-year medical students and 28.1% of 5th-year medical students were not vaccinated against hepatitis B. In a 2001 Danish study of 406 medical students, 34% were not vaccinated against hepatitis B [20].

We found that 50% of the interns and 56.4% of medical students did not use the double glove technique because of decreased hand sensation and lack of belief in its benefits. This is in agreement with a study on medical students in Strasburg, in which 50% did not use 2 gloves because of the decrease in sensation and lack of belief in the benefits [23]. Norsayani and Noor Hassimalso found 75% of physicians stated they did not us 2 gloves, despite being aware of the benefits [6]. Our study showed only 3.0% of the respondents using eye protection which is similar to the results in another study on medical students in which only 2.5% used eye protection in the operating theatre or the emergency room [22].

A study on medical undergraduates showed that 67.4% of the students recapping needles after use were not aware of the correct practice and were just following the example of other health workers [24]. We found that 74.3% of interns and 70.6% of medical students always recap needles.

The reliability of the reported rate of needlestick injuries in our study is limited by the differential recall ability of the respondents. However, it is reasonable to assume a fairly accurate recall since a needlestick injury is usually a painful experience [25].

Conclusion

NSIs are common among interns and medical students in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, particularly among interns, who most likely have a greater workload and may therefore be at greater risk. Therefore, preventive measures should be taken into consideration by the relevant authorities and universities. Also, focusing on the importance of reporting an NSI and the possibility of prophylactic measures seems necessary. Setting up an NSI management centre in hospital wards and follow-up of the injured individuals are recommended.

On the other hand, adherence to the universal precautions of using gloves and disposing of sharps was not optimal, especially among interns, suggesting a need to educate them more carefully on safe practices and the need for setting up postgraduate training courses on occupational risk management.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Professor Ziad Abdeen for his assistance and directions We also appreciate the contributions of all interns and medical students who participated in this study. Our grateful thanks also go to the following doctors and medical students for their great assistance in distributing and collecting the questionnaires in different governorates in our occupied land in the West Bank and Gaza; they are Fawwaz Awwad, Layali Qaddoumi, Samaa Al-Mulk, Mohammad AlQadi, Samed Jabareen, Nadera Damsa, Tawfeeq El-Shoubaky, Khadeeja Faroun, Saleem El-Ja'bary, Rana Al-Taweel, Taha Qaraqe’ and Imadeddin Abu Shkheidem.

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