Portals  Efficient Water Utilization  Municipal / Domestic Water
Grey Water Recycling & Reuse (toilet flushing,gardening, landscaping, ….)

Grey Water Recycling & Reuse (toilet flushing, gardening, landscaping, ….)

 Related Abstracts

 Wastewater Reuse
Factsheet on black water & grey water reuse for urban and rural households …[more]

 Greywater
It is not advisable to reuse laundry wash water due to high detergent
concentrations. Only divert in hot, dry conditions, in quantities that
can be taken up by plants. Use a licensed plumber to install the greywater diversion system…[more]

 Present Technological Options for Water Use and Treatment in the Context of the Ecological Integrity Approach, UWEP Occasional Paper, Herbert Aalbers & Minne J. Sietzema, December 1999
The ecological integrity approach is a way of sustainable thinking and is characterised by three elements, which may complement each other: 1) differentiate, 2) cascade, 3) closing cycles. All three elements require water and energy saving environmental technologies. Technologies, such as rainwater harvesting, water saving devices and decentralised wastewater treatment and
re-use systems, may be feasible for houses, hotels, holiday resorts and industries, usually with high levels of water consumption. Examples from these technologies can be found at different places in the Netherlands and may also be feasible in the Egyptian situation, both from economic and ecological integrity
perspectives….[more]

 North County Times, Gray-water use not very popular - Few take advantage of state law promoting use of household wastewater, by: GIGI HANNA Using household wastewater, or gray water, to irrigate lawns and gardens is still a novel concept for most people in Southwest Riverside County…[more]

 Greywater Reuse: Some Options For Western Australia, by: Martin Anda, Dr. Goen Ho, Dr. Kuruvilla Mathew
Five Options Currently Under Research For Western Australia…[more]

 Small Scale Water Recycling Systems - Risk Assessment and Modelling, by: C. Diaper, A. Dixon, D. Butler, A. Fewkes, S.A. Parsons, M. Strathern, T. Stephenson and J. Strutt. Water Science & Technology Vol 43 No 10 pp 83-90 © IWA Publishing 2001
This paper aims to use quantitative risk analysis, risk modelling and simulation modelling tools to assess the performance of a proprietary single house grey water recycling system…[more]

 Graywater (Sustainable Building Sourcebook)
In certain parts of Austin, difficult conditions such as steep slopes, poor soil percolation qualities, close proximity to lakes, or other problems may require the services of a licensed Professional Engineer. However, in areas without unusual conditions, a sub-surface greywater system can be approved….
Greywater systems are modifications of septic system technology and, thereby, use components standard to septic systems. The primary modification is the location of the drainfield in the root zone of plants making the greywater most useful as
irrigation…[more]

 Grey Guidelines (Sustainable Building Sourcebook)
Wastewater systems that incorporate greywater irrigation should permit flexibility in response to occupant's wastewater patterns, seasonal variations in demand for irrigation, and weather. This system would entail a separate sewer or septic connected blackwater system that is linked to the greywater system for overflow and other backup purposes. However, the fact that blackwater can occasionally be generated by greywater sources is less of a concern in
sub-surface systems than in above-ground systems…[more]

 Using Household Gray Water - July 11, 2001, Jeff Schalau, Backyard Gardener In addition to the sources of water that are allowable for use, the new regulations require that household gray water systems comply with the following rules: 1) your house may not be on a flood plain; 2) the gray water may only be used for…[more]

 Water Conservation Products
Hints & tips on water conservation in the home (saving devices, rainwater harvesting, greywater, composting toilets and others)…[more]

 Envirosink (The Grey Water Recycling System), helping America save water since 1995 Envirosink allows you to conserve the 'light' gray water from your kitchen. Envirosink is the only system that allows catchment of water at the kitchen sink -- to help fill
your rain barrel in the dry season…[more]

 COGG - News Release Dec.1999, Council guidelines on use of Grey Water The City of Greater Geelong today issued advice on the use of so called 'Grey Water' as a substitute for mains water during stage two water restrictions...[more]

 Repairing a Grey Water Tank March 27, 1999, by: Dave Damouth
(Happened in Mexico..)
In total, the task took five days of head-scratching, shopping, and labor. The major costs were about $20 for the new plastic panel, $37 for the epoxy (five packages of about 4 oz. each - it would have been a lot cheaper in a bigger package, but it wasn't available that way locally), and a few dollars for the pipe fittings, screws, sandpaper, solvent, etc…[more]

 Water Conservation in the Home
We can no longer take water for granted! So here's some tips for saving water and using it more wisely…contains tips on water conservation and grey water qualities and uses…[more]

 A Brief History of Sewerage and A Look at Modern Water Conservation Practices, Water Conservation in the 20th Century Versus 3700 years of Sewerage (by: Jonathan Berry, ECO Design Sustainable Housing)
I am interested in comment on an alternative to sewerage systems in the form of onsite waste recycling systems for, in the first instance, domestic toilet waste and grey water from our laundries, bathrooms and kitchens….waste management before & today with a variety of interesting technical options…[more]

 US-EPA. Information Package: Greywater. 1996. NSFC, Morgantown, USA. Available at WHO/CEHA Library, Amman, Jordan (e-mail CEHA@who-ceha.org.jo)

 Greywater, What it is ... ways to treat it & use it
There are very significant distinctions between greywater and toilet residues; for how these wastewaters should be treated /managed and why they should not be mixed together…[more]

 Using Gray Water on the Landscape by Kim D. Coder, Extension Forester (Drought in Georgia, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia)
In times of water shortage, slightly used water can provide an alternative landscape irrigation source for your residential customers. Contains general information on gray water applications…[more]

 Grey Water Systems, by Valentine A. Lehr Lehr Associates, Reprinted from the 1986 E.J. Zimmer Refresher Course (ASSE)
Grey water systems can be applied to almost any type of structure where water conservation is desirable. The level of water savings attainable is, however, a function of the particular requirements of each individual project…[more]

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 Sixth International Permaculture Conference & Convergence, Perth & Bridgetown, Western Australia, September 27 to October 7, 1996
Conference Proceedings Chapter Eight - Technology Stream
Greywater Reuse: Some Options For Western Australia
Martin Anda, Dr. Goen Ho, Dr. Kuruvilla Mathew (Australia)

 Conference Proceedings Chapter Eight - Technology Stream
Greywater Re-Use: Hardware, Health, Environment And The Law
Glenn Marshall (Australia)

 Gray Water Reuse studied in California Homes, September 1996, U.S. Water News Online, SACRAMENTO, Calif.
Under the program, a family or housing unit uses its own wastewater
-- excluding sewage -- to irrigate its own landscape, thus reducing water consumption and saving considerably on water bills…[more]

 Indoor Gray Water Reuse, Cascading, Gray Water Heat Recovery, and Rainwater Harvesting (Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation)
Case studies, links and references…[more]

 Grey Water
Recycling examples…[more]

 Texas Water Reuse Update, By H. W. Hoffman P.E., December, 1998
Gray water reuse has been occurring for years. Running the washing machine water on the lawn was a common practice at one time, but since the 1950's, most plumbing codes have required all wastewater sources to be sewered because of the potential to cause nuisance problems such as stagnant water and sites for mosquito breeding. Gray water can also carry pathogens…[more]

 Supplemental Water Sources (WaterWise Council of Texas)
Reuse of greywater for landscape irrigation can replace 40 percent of residential potable water use. Depending upon plant choice, climate, soil, and area, greywater could supply all landscape irrigation needs for a residence…[more]

 Water Saver Irrigation System Development (Mangrove)
Mangrove Companies gray water reclamation system is a product whose incorporation into a dwelling can reduce the hydraulic load being delivered to a sewer treatment plant by half. This is achieved by installing separate gray water and black water drain lines into the dwelling, treating the gray water with our system which then utilizes it as resource-irrigation water. Approximately fifty percent of the wastewater is utilized at the point source and never enters the
wastewater treatment system…[more]

 Reversing the Trends: Dealing with food security, water availability, and income inequity (from Chapter 9: Sustainable Solutions, Popinfo. Issues in Depth) Instead, that water can be used for irrigation. Separate gray water systems could be incorporated in future construction that would allow household wastewater to be used
for gardening purposes with minimal treatment. Eliminating some of the treatment…[more]

 Concrete Reclaimers: In Need of Definitions and Standards? (Concrete Connection Newsletter, Vol. 1, Issue 1, August 2001)
Generally, reclaimers are understood to be machines that separate surplus plastic concrete and mixer washout into aggregate and gray water through a washing and/or sifting process. Concrete reclaimers have been around for decades, but standards regarding their performance have never been written. Has the time come for written
standards for concrete reclaimers? Recent changes in the way concrete producers are utilizing their reclaimers suggest that perhaps that time has come…[more]

 Cruise Ship Waste Disposal and Management, Wastewater and Solid Waste Working Group, Meeting Minutes, February 18, 2000, Juneau, Alaska (Alaska Department of Environmental Protection)The cruise ship industry will develop a random sampling protocol for black water and gray water that would be implemented by the Coast Guard during the 2000 Alaska cruise ship season. Factors to consider in the…[more]

 Conserving Water: Rainbarrels, Cisterns and Gray Water (Cooperative Extension -Clallam County)
However, use of gray water is illegal in Washington State, although some new regulations are under consideration which might permit strictly controlled use.
The concern is that waste water frequently contains as much bacteria and fecal coliform as "black water" from toilets. Indiscriminate use might contaminate soils, garden produce, and surface water…[more]

 Meeting Summary for Florida Water Conservation Initiative: June 29, 2001 Workshop Summary and Initial Ranking of Conservation Alternatives by Work Groups includes an overview of initiatives and projects being implemented for agriculture and
in-door water use…[more]

 Zero Footprint Camp, By Dr. Mona Bray & Ms. Mary Alice Miller, SBCCOM and Mr. Fred Balling & Ms. Susanna Li, TARDEC
Military units deployed for training, peacekeeping and combat generate large amounts of solid waste and wastewater….. ZFC eliminates waste disposal by using trash, gray water, black water, and food garbage as resources for processing and reutilization within the camp. ….The WPP will create clean water from wastewater. The US Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) is focusing on several commercial off-the-shelf technologies that can clean gray water from laundries, showers, and kitchen for reuse…[more]

 Yavapai County Water Advisory Committee, Minutes, Wednesday, May 17, 2000
(Item no. 4: Discuss Gray Water Laws)
The management of large subdivisions should be studied regarding plumbing codes so gray water and other effluent can be used (e.g. run water to gardens, lawns, trees, etc.).
Mr. Dishlip commented that this would be the main change, but it is very difficult to get approved…[more]

 Green Design (New Buffalo Convention Center)
Design and construction practices that significantly reduce or eliminate the impact of buildings on the environment and occupants….including Gray Water Recycling: reduction of water use through the provision of a two-pipe supply system in restrooms
may be applicable…[more]

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 Grey Water Recovery, Navy Energy Showcase (The Cornerstone Project, Building 850 Technologies Overview)
Water from bathroom lavatories and rain run-off is collected through a separate plumbing system and stored in an underground tank. This water is then used to flush toilets and urinals…[more]

 Home Use of Graywater, Rainwater Conserves Water--and May Save Money by Joe Gelt grey water definition, pros and cons, systems, regulations in Arizona, plus a look at California's gray water policy…[more]

 State Regulations (US), Compiled in 1999: Composting Toilets, Graywater Systems, and Constructed Wetlands

 A Compendium of Greywater Mistakes and Misinformation on the Web (Oasis Design)
The most common greywater errors and the preferred alternatives; part of an ongoing effort to reduce, reuse or recycle the tidal wave of greywater misinformation on the web…[more]

 Needed Improvements to California's Greywater Law (Oasis Design)
California's new greywater law is an important step and certainly as well done as was politically possible. However, it's a step not quite in the right direction, which is unfortunate as it is being emulated all over the US and the world. Here's a list of needed improvements, excerpted from the Builder's Greywater Guide, which also includes the full text of the law with annotations directly in the text describing the implications of each section. …[more]

 Greywater Central (Oasis Design)
Accurate, Up-to-Date Information on Greywater Treatment and Reuse Systems …[more]

 The Builder's Greywater Guide, by Art Ludwig
Installation of Greywater Systems in New Construction and Remodeling, includes text of new greywater law, a supplement to the book "Create an Oasis with Greywater"…[more]

 Microbial Quality of Recycled Household Graywater (Session 59/Q., Paper Q-88), by Lisa Casanova (100th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology May 21-25, 2000, Los Angeles, California) The microbial quality was assessed mainly by looking for fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli. Graywater was found to have fecal coliforms and E. coli, which demonstrate contamination by fecal matter, possibly from handwashing, laundering of clothes, and the
kitchen sink. The greatest source of contamination was found to be the kitchen sink. These findings support several recommendations for restricting graywater sources and human contact with graywater in order to minimize the health risks…[more]

 Graywater Systems (Appendix G, Title 24, Part 5, California Administrative Code), Division of Planning and Local Assisstance - Department of Water Resources The provisions of this Appendix shall apply to the construction, installation, alteration and repair of graywater systems for subsurface landscape irrigation. The graywater system shall not be connected to any potable water system without an air gap (a space or other physical device which prevents backflow) and shall not result in any surfacing of the graywater. Except as otherwise provided for in this Appendix, the
provisions of the Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) shall be applicable to graywater installations…[more]

 Graywater Treatment Systems (Pall Corporation)
The uniqueness of the system is its non-clogging feature. At the heart of the system is the PallSep™ Vibrating Membrane Filter (VMF), which utilizes the efficient application of mechanical energy to create high liquid shear rates/lift forces to keep the filter material clear from sticky contaminants…[more]

 Greywater recycling filter basins and graywater irrigation systems
(The Natural Home Building Source)
Graywater irrigation is still a unique concept in many parts of the world. If you have to "pull" building permits, the phrase "greywater recycling" is best referred to simply as a "septic system" in your application. Greywater recycling operates on the same principles as a septic tank system, except that with little or no solid waste, a graywater irrigation system can have a much smaller tank
and considerably less leach field area ("planterbed"). Building code regulations vary from town to town, so we have no way of knowing what type of system will ultimately pass code in your area until you begin the design phase, but some general rules…[more]

 `Gray water' recycling called next wave, by: Roberta Holland
(Boston Business Journal)
Area companies are tapping into the technology of reusing water for everything from laundry to landscaping, as cities and towns struggle with increasing demands on their water supplies...[more]

 Greywater Recycling and Irrigation Systems
The ECO Design Greywater Recycling System (GRS) is a low cost and low maintenance greywater treatment and distribution system for irrigating the plants and trees in your garden…[more]

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 Greywater reuse future depends upon definition and agencies' rulings
With all the talk of demand management, peak reduction, and groundwater depletion, a partial solution lurks literally right under the bathroom sink--greywater.
Reuse of greywater for landscape irrigation can replace 40 percent of residential potable water use for irrigation. Depending upon plant choice, climate, soil, and area, greywater could supply most or all landscape irrigation needs for a residence…[more]

 A Brief History of Sewerage and a look at Modern Water Conservation Practices (ECO Design Sustainable Housing)
Greywater which is up to 80% of the total domestic sewage volume is the least contaminated part of our waste stream but it becomes grossly contaminated when introduced to an anaerobic environment such as a grease trap, septic tank, sewerage system, or stored and retained in anyway. This can be avoided using
direct distribution. …[more]

 The Compost Toilet & Greywater Recycling Systems Manual.
The ECO DESIGN Manual details, in 41 pages of Graphics and 68 pages of Text, everything you need to know, to build your own efficient, low maintenance and safe Compost Toilet and Greywater Recycling System…[more]

 Greywater Treatment and Reuse, Tufileh, Jordan. (Cities Feeding People) Using a revolving fund, the CARE-financed permaculture pilot and greywater reuse project (PPP) in Tufileh, Jordan, helped about 50 poor periurban families recover household greywater to grow fruit and vegetables. An IDRC-funded evaluation of the project indicated that it helped families preserve valuable freshwater, achieve
greater food security and generate income through sales of produce…[more]

 Differentiating Management of Water Resources and Waste in Urban Areas,by: Ralf Otterpohl, Andrea Albold and Martin Oldenburg, Germany
New integrated sanitation and waste management systems will mostly have to respect different qualities of matter from human settlements: Blackwater with biowaste, graywater, stormwater runoff and non-biodegradable waste
…[more]

 Safe Use of Household Greywater, Guide M-106. Revised by Marsha Duttle,Extension Research Assistant -College of Agriculture & Home Economics-New Mexico State University
The New Mexico Environment Department and the Construction Industries Division govern liquid waste disposal in New Mexico, and issue permits for approved systems.
Greywater use is restricted by the Liquid Waste Disposal Regulations (LWDR), but the Environment Department can grant a variance if the applicant shows that:…[more]

 How to Conserve Water and Use It Effectively This chapter explores a number of water use efficiency practices. The practices
have been evaluated by many researchers,…[more]

 Regional Approaches to Efficient Water Uses: Tales From the Trenches
This chapter presents a sampling of programs throughout the Nation that use one or more water conservation and use efficiency practices…[more]

 PRESENT TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS FOR WATER USE AND TREATMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY APPROACH, UWEP
Occasional Paper, Herbert Aalbers & Minne J. Sietzema, December 1999 With the expected increasing water scarcity the prices of water may increase in the near future; a development that will increase the feasibility of water saving technologies……Another aspect of the ecological integrity approach is
to find out what options there are at the "end-of-the-pipe"…[more]

  Reuse Options for Household Wastewater (Domestic Wastewater Management Series), Information Bulletin, November 2001

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