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Research arcitle

A.A. Bashir ¹ and O.A.A. Musa ²

قِيَم مرجعية للقياسات التنفسية في أترابيَّة سودانيَّة

أمير علي بشير، عمر عبد العزيز موسى

الخلاصة: أجرى الباحثان دراسة مستعرضة مطبَّقة مختارة عشوائياً بُغية التعرُّف على قيم الوظائف التنفسية لدى السودانيين، وقد شملت الدراسة 2250 من السودانيين الأصِحَّاء تتراوح أعمارهم بين 7 و86 عاماً في المدة 2002-2005، وحصل الباحثون على المعطيات من خلال استبيان، ومن خلال اختبار قياس وظائف الرئة ومن خلال قياسات بشرية أخرى. وتمّت دراسة الترابُط بين وظيفة الرئة وبين القياسات البشرية واشتقاق المعادلات التحوّفيَّة منها. وقد وجد الباحثان أن السودانيين الذين هم من أصل عربي لديهم قِيَم أكثر ارتفاعاً للسعة الحيوية القسرية (FVC) وللحجم الزفيري القسري في الثانية الأولى (EFV1)، ولمعدل الجريان الزفيري الذِّرْويّ عن هذه القِيَم لدى نظرائهم من أصل أفريقي. وقد شوهِدَ تَرَابُط إيجابي لدى البالغين، بين وظائف الرئة وبين الطول، وترابط سلبي بين وظائف الرئة وبين العمر. وقد تأكّد وجود تفاوت في وظائف الرئة لدى السودانيين بحسب الجَنْدَر وبحسب والأصل العِرْقيّ. وأجرى الباحثان مقارنات مع معطيات مستمدّة من دراسات دولية أخرى، وتبيَّن لهم أن هذه القِيَم التي حصلوا عليها يمكن استخدامها باعتبارها قِيَماً مرجعية في العيادات التنفسية في السودان.

ABSTRACT To determine normal values of respiratory function for Sudanese, a randomized stratified cross-sectional study was performed on 2250 healthy Sudanese aged 7–86 years in 2002–05. Data were obtained through a questionnaire, pulmonary function testing and taking anthropometric measurements. Lung function and anthropometric measurements were correlated and regression equations were derived. Sudanese of Arab ethnic background had significantly higher forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 (first) second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) than those of African ethnicity. In adults a positive correlation was found between lung function and height and a negative correlation with age. Gender and ethnic variations in Sudanese lung function were confirmed. Comparisons were made with data from other international studies. These values can be used as reference values in respiratory clinics in Sudan.

Valeurs spirométriques de référence dans une cohorte soudanaise

RÉSUMÉ Afin de déterminer les valeurs normales de la fonction respiratoire des Soudanais, une étude transversale, randomisée et stratifiée a été réalisée entre 2002 et 2005, auprès de 2250 personnes en bonne santé âgées de 7 à 86 ans. Les données ont été obtenues au moyen d’un questionnaire, d’une exploration fonctionnelle respiratoire et d’une prise de mesures anthropométriques. La fonction pulmonaire et les mesures anthropométriques étaient corrélées. Des équations de régression ont été établies. Les Soudanais d’origine arabe avaient une capacité vitale, un volume expiratoire maximal seconde et un débit expiratoire de pointe nettement supérieurs à ceux des Soudanais d’origine africaine. Chez les adultes, une corrélation positive a été observée entre la fonction pulmonaire et la taille, alors qu’une corrélation négative a été notée avec l’âge. Les variations dans les fonctions pulmonaires des Soudanais en fonction du sexe et de l’origine ethnique ont été confirmées. Des comparaisons ont été faites avec les données d’autres études internationales. Ces valeurs peuvent être utilisées en tant que valeurs de référence dans les centres soudanais spécialisés en santé respiratoire.

¹Faculty of Medicine, Imam Elmahdi University, Kosti, Sudan (Correspondence to A.A. Bashir: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it )

²Faculty of Medicine, National Ribat University, Khartoum, Sudan.

Received: 22/06/09; accepted: 23/06/10

EMHJ, 2012, 18 (2): 151-158

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Introduction

Reference values for health measures can be subject-based using baseline values from the same individual obtained when he/she in a defined state of health or population-based using data obtained from a group of well-defined reference individuals. In the case of respiratory parameters, prediction equations obtained from a reference population provide a baseline for evaluating the pulmonary function of a subject, based usually on the person’s standing height, age and sex [1].

There are well-documented ethnic, sex, age, geographical, postural, socioenvironmental, occupational and instrumental variations in lung function measures. Significantly higher vital capacities were found in a white population compared with blacks [2,3] and in Africans compared with Indians [4]. American Indians showed lower forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) values than American whites [5]. Lower lung volumes and capacities [6] as well as flow rates [7] have been recorded from females compared with males. An inverse relationship between age and lung function values is present in adults and a direct relationship is found with height and weight [8].

A reference set of normal lung function values are needed in Sudan for use in diagnosis, follow-up, pre-surgical assessment and research. The earliest attempt to obtain normal spirometric values, in 1977, used a small sample and included only 2 areas of Sudan [9]. The study found that the Sudanese values were lower than the international ones, with differences between inhabitants of different areas [10]. A pilot study in Gezira (central Sudan) in 1998 gave similar indicators and confirmed the feasibility of performing a large national study to derive the normal spirometric values for Sudanese [11].

The present study was designed to find out the normal values of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC% and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) for normal Sudanese, and to correlate the obtained lung function values with age, body weight, height, sex and ethnic group so as to derive prediction equations for normal lung function measures for adults and children of both sexes. Spirometric values obtained from the current study will provide the only large-scale data for eastern and central Africa.

Methods

Study design

This was a cross-sectional study performed over the period 2002–05 on subjects from different regions of Sudan. Ethical clearance for the study was issued by the administration of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira.

Regional because in Sudan each region constitutes a specific ethnic group, the only exception is the southerners that we take them from northern regions.

Subjects

A total of 2250 Sudanese subjects aged 7–86 years old (1162 males and 1088 females) were included. The sample size was calculated using a confidence level of 95%, confidence interval of 2.07 and estimated population of 30–40 million. Sampling was of stratified type whereby the population was divided into subgroups by age, sex and geographical region then random selection was performed within the subgroups from the available lists [12]. Subjects were chosen randomly from volunteers from a number of occupational groups (manual workers, professionals, students, pensioners, housewives), recruited from various locations such as government ministries, administration departments, universities, schools, sport clubs, mosques and churches.

Subjects were chosen from different regions to reflect different regional tribal groups: central (Khartoum, Medani and Kosti), north (Atbra), west (Elfashir, Nyala, Jabal Mara) and east (Gadarif). Data for the south were taken from south Sudanese people living in Rabak (near the border with South Sudan) and in Khartoum. The ethnic background was established on a regional basis as specific tribes are resident in each region. Subjects were classified as Arab (north, west and east Sudanese) and African (south Sudanese) ethnic origin. Ethnic group was established from a questionnaire about the parents’ and grandparents’ tribes.

Subjects were considered “normal” if they had never smoked tobacco; reported no history of symptoms of respiratory diseases; had normal cardiopulmonary signs on clinical examination; had no history of occupation exposure to dust; and were willing and able to cooperate [7]. Subjects were excluded if they did not satisfy the inclusion criteria; if they were smokers; if they had respiratory or cardiovascular disease; or if they did not perform the respiratory tests correctly. The response rate of our subjects to the tests was over 95%.

Data collection

A questionnaire was designed as a modification of the British Medical Research Council and Los Angeles internet protocol television questionnaires. The questionnaire included: personal data; habits (smoking, sports); family history of respiratory illness (bronchial asthma and allergies); and personal health condition.

Medical examination and pulmonary function tests were performed. A stadiometer was used to measure the standing height of the subject in centimetres. A sensitive balance was used to measure the body weight of the subject in kilograms. Skinfold callipers was used to measure the thickness of the skin with its underlying layer of fat at the back of the arm. It has a spring that exerts pressure on the skinfold, generally 10 g/m2 and a scale which measures the thickness in millimetres [13].

A pocket spirometer (MicroPlus, Micro Medical) was used to measure FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC% and PEFR. It meets the recommendations of both the European Respiratory Society and British Thoracic Society [14]. The spirometer was periodically standardized after about 100 tests through re-testing of a sample of the same subjects and comparing with the previous readings and also by comparing readings with those of a standard instrument (Micro Medical). Use of the spirometer was demonstrated to each subject. After maximal inspiration, the subject blew forcibly and continuously into the mouthpiece of the spirometer and the highest measurement of 3 trials was taken as the most representative of the subject’s ability. FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC% and PERF were recorded. Subjects were excluded if they failed to inspire before breathing out, failed to exhale due to inability to relax or leaked the air by expiring before holding the mouthpiece or not holding their lips tightly around the mouthpiece. The estimated altitude of the region at which the study was done and the room temperature were taken.

Data analysis

Partial correlation test was used. Student t-test and analysis of variance were used to test the significance of differences (P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis was used to derive regression equations using SPSS, version 11 computer programme.

Results

Table 1 shows the distribution of the study sample by sex and region of Sudan.

Descriptive and lung function parameters were derived for males and females in different age groups (Table 2 and Table 3).

Table 4 shows lung function values in Sudanese males by height and weight. There was an observable positive correlation between measures of lung volume and both weight and standing height, except at the greatest height 181–190 cm and body weights (91–100 kg), where there was a drop in values.

There was significant negative correlation in adults between age and ventilatory function (r = 0.49). The highest values of FVC and FEV1 [3.77 (SD 0.59) L and 3.54 (SD 0.50) L respectively] were found in the age group 21–30 years old and the lowest values in the age group 71–80 years [2.45 (SD 0.16) L versus 2.18 (SD 0.32) L respectively] (Table 5). The highest mean value of PEFR [502 (SD 123) L/min] was in the age group 31–40 years old.

Lung function parameters also correlated with each other. There was a high correlation between FEV1 and FVC (r = 0.97). PEFR with FEV1 (r = 0.75), FVC with PEFR (r = 0.70), FVC with FEV1/FVC (r = 0.12) and PEFR with FEV1/FVC (r = 0.29).

FVC, FEV1 and PEFR prediction equations by age and height for Sudanese adults and children of both sexes were derived using multiple regression (Table 6). In general these showed low multiple correlation coefficients (R) and large standard errors of the estimate (SEE),

The mean lung function values of all Sudanese at height 170 cm and age 30 years for FCV, FEV1, PEFR and FEV1/FVC were 3.59 L, 3.28 L, 499.5 L/min and 90.6% respectively. The regional prediction equations for adult male Sudanese (≥ 20 years) and the predicted means at height 170 cm and age 30 years are shown in Table 7. Predicted lung function values of the east and central Sudanese were in between the values for north and south Sudanese. The predicted means of FVC, FEV1 and PEFR in the different regions did not differ significantly from the general predicted means for all Sudanese combined.

Actual and predicted mean lung function values for Sudanese adult males of Arab and African ethic backgrounds (at height 170 cm and 35 age years) are shown in Table 8 and Figure 1 and Figure 2. The predicted mean values of the people of Arab ethnic background (north, east and west Sudanese) were significantly higher than those of African ethnic background (south Sudanese) for FVC (3.66 L versus 3.26 L) and FEV1 (3.26 versus 2.96 L) and PEFR (519 versus 419 L/min) (P > 0.05).

Discussion

Previous studies in Sudan to obtain reference spirometry values were limited due to small sample sizes and uneven age distribution within samples. Among the 29 studies of healthy African adults published between 1965 and 1990 involving 9690 men and 2638 women of sub-Saharan African ancestry, only 1 study was based on a group larger than ours [15–17]. Our sample size aimed to be statistically representative of the whole Sudanese population by including all regions and different occupation sectors of the community.

The highest values of FVC and FEV1 were found in the age group 21–30 years old. Others have shown that lung function increases up to 25 years of age [18]. Meanwhile the highest mean values of PEFR were found in the age group 31–40 years old, and this is in agreement with the results of other investigators [3.9]. The lowest mean values of FVC and FEV1 were found in the age group 71–80 years.

There was significant negative correlation in adults between age and ventilatory function (r = 0.49), which is comparable with the findings in the literature. The significant positive correlation between standing height and measures of lung volume (r = 0.52) is in general agreement with the results of other investigators on Europeans and non-Europeans. The decline in ventilatory function with age agrees with other studies showing deterioration of pulmonary function with advancing age, even in the absence of impairment by respiratory disease, cigarette smoking or atmospheric pollution [18–22].

The observed positive correlation of weight with ventilatory function is in agreement with studies in other countries [5,21,23], although other reports stated that lung function decreased at both extremes of weight [24,25]. These reports are supported also by our results that a drop in ventilatory volumes was observed in the highest weight category of 90–100 kg. The correlation of weight with lung function almost disappeared when we used a population of the same age and height, so the observable correlation of weight with lung function may be due to age and height variations rather than weight itself.

The high correlation between FEV1 and FVC found in this study (r = 0.97) is comparable with the work of many investigators on Europeans and non-Europeans [26]. There was a significant correlation between PEFR and FEV1 (r = 0.75), which is comparable with the results of Johannsen and Erasmus in normal African Bantu [27], where they found r = 0.58. The significant correlation between FVC and PEFR (r = 0.70), FVC and FEV1/FVC% (r = –0.12) and between PEFR and FEV1/FVC% (r = 0.29) are to some extent comparable to those found by Johannsen and Erasmus [27]: (r = 0.38), (r = –0.15) and (r = 0.36) respectively.

This study has calculated regression equations for predicting the normal values of ventilatory functions of Sudanese for FVC, FEV1, PEFR and FEV1/FVC%. Although we have derived separate equations for each region the insignificant difference between the regional Sudanese lung function values and the combined values from the whole country means that the general prediction equations are valid for all Sudanese. It is noteworthy that regression equations using age and height as independent variables for prediction of PEFR had low correlation coefficients and large standard errors of the estimate, so the prediction equations should be used with awareness of these limitations.

Sudanese of Arab ethic origin had significantly higher FVC than those of African ancestry by comparing the direct observed means and also by comparing the predicted means. The predicted value of FVC, FEV1 and PEFR in Arab Sudanese were higher than those of African Sudanese. The presence of a detectable ethnic variation in lung function between the northern and southern Sudanese people, reflecting Arab and African ethnic origins, encouraged us to derive other equations for the people of the west, east and central Sudan. The predicted lung function values of the eastern and central Sudanese were in between the values for northern and southern Sudanese. The total predicted lung function values for all Sudanese did not differ from the values obtained by equations for each region, which indicates that there is no need for separate tables for each region.

The lung function values of Sudanese were lower than those of white Europeans [16] (Figures 1 and 2). The predicted FVC values of the present study were 83.5% of that of whites according to Needham’s equation [28]. The predicted FEV1 values of the present study were 86.1% of that of whites according to Anderson’s equation [29]. There were no major differences in FVC and FEV1 between values for Caribbean blacks [15] and those of African Sudanese in our study (Figures 1 and 2). However, the present study predicted higher values for FEV1/FVC% (90.6% overall) than other studies, although this value is closer to that reported by Khatim in northern Sudanese subjects (87.0%) [9] and by Kaloda in Wad Medani in central Sudan (88.6%) [11].

In conclusion, normal values established for FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC% and PEFR in this study can be used as reference values in respiratory clinics in Sudan.

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