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Research article

S.G. Ahmed ¹ and J. Uraka¹

أثر الطفيليات المعوية على المتثابتات الدموية لدى مرضى فقر الدم المنجليّ في نيجيريا

صغير غُمَل أحمد، جُودِث عُرَكا

الخلاصـة: إن أغلب مرضى فقر الدم المنجليّ يعيشون في بلدان نامية تنتشر فيها الطفيليات المعوية المتوطّنة، مما قد يُخِلّ بالحالة المستقرّة لفقر الدم في المرضى الـمُنْعَدين بهذه الطفيليات. وقد درس الباحثان أثر الطفيليات المعوية على المتثابتات الدموية لمرضى فقر الدم المنجليّ الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 18 و35 سنة في مدينة كانو في نيجيريا. وقد وجد من بين مئة مريض تم دراستهم سبعة وعشرون مُنْعَدياً بالطفيليات المعوية. ولم تشاهد اختلافات يُعْتَدُّ بها بين المرضى الـمُنْعَدين وغير الـمُنْعَدين بالطفيليات المعوية من حيث عدد الكريات البيضاء وعدد الصفيحات. إلا أن المرضى غير الـمُنْعَدين بالطفيليات المعوية، كان متوسط الهيماتوكريت لديهم أعلى بدرجة يُعْتَدُّ بها إحصائياً مما هو عليه في أولئك الـمُنْعَدين بالطفيليات المعوية (0.27 L/L (± 0.03 مقابل 0.23 L/L ± 0.03)). وهكذا فقد يتفاقم فقر الدم في مرضى فقر الدم المنجليّ نتيجة انْعِدائهم بالطفيليات المعوية، مما يستوجب خضوع هؤلاء المرضى لفحوصات دورية على البراز لاكتشاف ومعالجة الطفيليات المعوية بُغْيَة تحسين مستوى الهيماتوكريت وتجنُّب الحاجة إلى نقل الدم.

ABSTRACT The majority of patients with sickle-cell anaemia live in the underdeveloped nations where endemic parasitic diseases are prevalent and this may exacerbate the severity of steady-state anaemia in infected patients. We studied the impact of intestinal parasites on haematological parameters of sickle-cell anaemia patients aged 18–35 years in Kano, Nigeria. Of 100 patients studied, 27 were found to be infected with intestinal parasites. There were no significant differences between patients with and without parasitic infections with respect to leukocyte and platelet counts. However, patients without parasitic infections had a significantly higher mean haematocrit than patients with parasitic infections [0.27 L/L (SD 0.03) versus 0.23 (SD 0.03) L/L]. Anaemia in sickle-cell anaemia patients may be exacerbated by intestinal parasites, and these patients should have regular stool examinations for detection and treatment of parasitic infections in order to improve their haematocrit and avoid the risk of blood transfusion.

Effet des parasites intestinaux sur les paramètres hématologiques de patients atteints de drépanocytose au Nigéria

RÉSUMÉ La majorité des patients atteints de drépanocytose vivent dans des pays sous-développés où les maladies parasitaires endémiques sont courantes. Cette situation pourrait accentuer la sévérité de la drépanocytose chez des patients chez qui elle est stationnaire. Nous avons étudié l’impact des parasites intestinaux sur les paramètres hématologiques de patients âgés de 18 à 35 ans et souffrant de drépanocytose à Kano (Nigéria). Sur 100 patients étudiés, 27 ont reçu le diagnostic d’infestation par des parasites intestinaux. Aucune différence n’a été observée entre les patients infestés et les autres concernant la numération leucocytaire et plaquettaire. Cependant, les patients non infestés avaient un hématocrite moyen nettement supérieur à celui des patients atteints d’infection parasitaire [0,27 l/l (E.T. 0,03) contre 0,23 l/l (E.T. 0,03)]. Chez les patients atteints de drépanocytose, l’anémie peut être accentuée par la présence de parasites intestinaux. Par conséquent, ces patients doivent bénéficier d’un examen coprologique régulier en vue de dépister et de traiter les infections parasitaires, d’améliorer leur hématocrite et de prévenir le risque de devoir procéder à une transfusion sanguine.

¹Department of Haematology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (Correspondence to S.G. Ahmed: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it )

Received: 31/12/09; accepted: 08/03/10

EMHJ, 2011, 17(9): 710-713

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Introduction

The sickle-cell gene is widespread in Africa, the Middle East and Asia and, by population movement, in the Caribbean, North America and northern Europe [1]. The frequency of sickle-cell carriers (Hb AS) is up to 20%–25% in West Africa including Nigeria [2]. The frequency has reached high levels in these populations because the carrier state protects against malaria infection [3]. Sickle-cell anaemia (SCA) (Hb SS) affects about 2% of Nigerians [2].

SCA is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The clinical course of SCA is characterized by variable periods of steady state that are periodically interrupted by vaso-occlusive crises resulting from polymerization of deoxygenated haemoglobin-S leading to the formation of sickled red cells [4,5]. Although red cell sickling is more prominent during a crisis, continuous sickling does occur at a lower rate even in steady state [4]. Sickled red cells have poor deformability and shortened life span resulting in chronic haemolytic anaemia in the steady state [4]. Although chronic haemolysis is the predominant factor in the etiology of anaemia in SCA, non-haemolytic factors may also contribute to the development of anaemia in such patients. Of particular concern is the fact that the overwhelming majority of SCA patients live in the underdeveloped nations of the world where endemic parasitic diseases are very prevalent and this may exacerbate the severity of steady-state anaemia in infected SCA patients. In this study in Kano, north-west Nigeria we investigate the impact of intestinal parasitic infections on the haematological parameters of SCA patients in steady state.

Methods

Stool and blood samples were collected between September 2007 and August 2008 from 100 consecutive SCA patients in steady state at the adult haematology clinic of Aminu Kano teaching hospital, Kano, north-west Nigeria. All patients were aged 18–35 years. The diagnosis of SCA was established by positive sickling test and haemoglobin electrophoresis at a pH of 8.6 on cellulose acetate paper [6].

Blood samples were collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetate containers and a blood analyser (Celltac Alpha MEK 6400) was used to determine the haematological parameters including haematocrit, leukocyte count and platelet count. Blood films of each subject were examined microscopically and the leukocyte counts were corrected for the presence of nucleated red cells. Stool samples were collected in clean glass bottles containing 5 mL of 10% formalin–saline solution and sent to the microbiology laboratory. The samples were subjected to microscopic examination using direct and iodine preparations for the detection and identification of parasites, segments, ova, larvae or cysts [7].

The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the haematological parameters were determined for patients with and without intestinal parasitic infections. The mean values of haematological parameters for the 2 groups of patients were compared using Student t-test, and a P-value < 0.05 was taken as significant. Statistical analyses were carried out using computer software SPSS, version 11.0.

Results

A total of 100 SCA patients were studied, of whom 27 were found to be infected with intestinal parasites, a prevalence of 27.0%. The identified parasites included 4 helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale, Trichuris trichiura and Strongyloides stercoralis) and 3 protozoa (Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli and Giardia lamblia). Out of the 27 infected patient, 10 (37.0%) and 17 (63.0%) were infected with single and multiple parasites respectively. The frequencies of individual parasites among the infected patients are shown in Table 1 .

The mean values of haematological parameters found among SCA patients with and without intestinal parasitic infections were compared (Table 2 ). Patients without intestinal parasitic infections had a mean haematocrit value of 0.27 L/L, which was significantly higher than the value of 0.23 L/L in patients with infections (P < 0.05). Patients without intestinal parasitic infections had a mean leukocyte count of 11 ×109/L and a mean platelet count of 453 ×109/L and these did not differ significantly from the counts of 12 ×109/L and 462 ×109/L respectively in patients with infection.

Discussion

The prevalence of intestinal parasites in Nigeria is very high in children, with reported rates consistently over 50% in many communities [8]. However, the prevalence has been shown to decrease with increasing age and is generally lower in older children and adults [9]. Hence, the relatively low prevalence of 27.0% seen among our patients was consistent with their ages, as all of them were young adults aged between 18 and 35 years. The pattern of infections with respect to the frequencies of individual parasites found in our patients is very similar to the trend previously reported in the general Nigerian population [9]. This pattern revealed that the infections were predominantly due to soil-transmitted helminths and protozoans, which are strongly associated with poverty and poor personal and environmental hygiene [10].

The haematological parameters of our patients revealed comparatively similar high mean leukocyte counts in SCA patients with and without parasitic infections. This is consistent with earlier studies showing that leukocytosis is a common feature of SCA even in steady state. This was thought to be due to redistribution of granulocytes from the marginal to the circulating pool [11]. Furthermore, the mean platelet counts were high but similar in both patient groups. The finding of high platelet counts in our patients is consistent with earlier studies, which showed that thrombocytosis was common in SCA and was attributed to the background haemolytic anaemia and the autosplenectomy associated with the disease [11]. However, the mean haematocrit level of our patients without parasitic infections was significantly higher than the level among patients with parasitic infections. Hence, SCA patients that were infected with intestinal parasites had more severe steady-state anaemia in comparison with their counterparts without intestinal parasitic infections.

This finding reveals a possible association between intestinal parasitic infection and the severity of anaemia in SCA patients. Intestinal parasites are strongly associated with the development of anaemia as they cause mal­absorption, nutritional deficiencies and gastrointestinal blood loss [10]. Therefore, the more severe anaemia found in SCA patients with intestinal parasites was likely a result of the combined effect of haemolysis due to sickle-cell disease and malabsorption, nutrient deficiencies and gastrointestinal blood loss due to infection with intestinal parasites. It is therefore important that SCA patients who live in the tropics should have regular periodic stool microscopic examination in order to detect and treat any parasitic infections. This will significantly reduce the severity of steady-state anaemia and avoid the risk of blood transfusion in such patients. Furthermore, physicians involved in managing SCA patients in the tropics must counsel such patients on basic sanitary practices such as washing fresh vegetables and fruits before consumption, proper cooking of meat before eating, boiling stream water before drinking, proper disposal of faecal matter and avoidance of walking or farming bare-foot, all of which are important to safeguard against the acquisition of intestinal parasites [12,13].

Conclusion

Steady-state anaemia in patients with SCA is exacerbated by infection with intestinal parasites. Hence, SCA patients should have regular periodic stool examinations for early detection and treatment of intestinal parasites in order to raise their haematocrit, improve their quality of life and avoid the risk of transfusion.

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