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منظمة الصحة العالمية
Organisation mondiale de la Santé

Study of operated primary and secondary (recurrence) hydatidosis in hospitals of Kermanshah, west of Islamic Republic of Iran

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M. Vejdani,1,2 S. Vejdani,3 S. Lotfi,4 F. Najafi,5 N. Nazari 1 and Y. Hamzavi 1

دراسة حول الكيسات العدارية الأولية أو الثانوية (الناكسة) التي أجريت لها عمليات جراحية في مستشفيات كرمان شاه، غربيّ جمهورية إيران الإسلامية

مهدي وجداني، سينا وجداني، سارة لطفي، فريد نجفي، نصر نزاري، يزدان حمزاوي

الخلاصـة: إن داء الـمُشْوِكات الكيسي الذي تسببه المرحلة اليَرَقية من ديدان المشوكة الحبيبية يمثِّل أحد التهديدات للصحة العمومية العالمية. وتهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرُّف إلى السمات الديمغرافية والسريرية لحالات الكيسات العدارية الأولية والثانوية في غربي جمهورية إيران الإسلامية. وقد أجرى الباحثون استعراضاً استعادياً للسجلات في سبعة مستشفيات تابعة للقطاعَيْن العام والخاص في كرمان شاه في الفترة بين عامَيْ 2004 و2009؛ وشملت الدراسة تحليل 529 ملفاً لحالات مشتبه بها، ووجدوا أن 291 حالة كيسة عدارية قد أجري لها عمليات جراحية وتم تأكيدها. وقد كان %51.5 من المرضى من الإناث، و57.7 منهم يعيشون في المدن أو الضواحي، وكانت أكبر المجموعات العمرية تشكيلاً لنسبة %17.5 من الحالات هي 31-40 عاماً. أما أكثر الأعضاء إصابة فكان الكبد %64.9 ثم الرئتين %26.8، وقد تأكَّد النكس الثانوي لدى 18 حالة (%6.2). وقد تلقى معظم المرضى (%79.4) وليس كلهم المعالجة بالألبندازول. وانتهى الباحثون إلى وجوب اعتبار ولاية كرمان شاه منطقة موطونة بمرض الكيسات العدارية البشري، ووجوب بذل المزيد من الجهود الوقائية.

ABSTRACT Cystic echinococcosis, caused by the larval stage of Echinoccocus granulosus, is a global public health threat. The aim of this study was to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of cases of primary and secondary hydatid cyst in the west of the Islamic Republic of Iran. A retrospective record review was made in 7 public and private hospitals in Kermanshah from 2004 to 2009. Of 526 files of suspected cases analysed, 291 cases of hydatid cyst had been operated upon and confirmed. Of the patients, 51.5% were females, 57.7% lived in urban and suburban areas and the largest age group (17.5%) was 31–40 years. The major organs involved were liver (64.9%) and lung (26.8%) and 18 cases (6.2%) were confirmed as secondary hydatidosis. Most patients (79.4%) had been treated with albendazole. Kermanshah province should be considered an endemic region for human hydatid cyst disease; greater efforts in prevention are needed.

Étude de l'hydatidose primaire et secondaire (récidive) opérée dans des hôpitaux de Kermanshah, dans l'ouest de la République islamique d'Iran

RÉSUMÉ L'échinococcose cystique, causée par le stade larvaire d'Echinoccocus granulosus, représente une menace pour la santé publique mondiale. L'objectif de la présente étude était de déterminer les caractéristiques démographiques et cliniques des cas de kyste hydatique primaire et secondaire dans l'ouest de la République islamique d'Iran. Une revue rétrospective des dossiers a été menée dans sept hôpitaux publics et privés de Kermanshah entre 2004 et 2009. Sur un total de 526 dossiers de cas suspects analysés, 291 cas de kyste hydatique avaient été opérés et confirmés. Les patients étaient 51,5 % à être de sexe féminin, 57,7 % vivaient dans des zones urbaines ou suburbaines et le groupe d'âge le plus nombreux (17,5 %) était celui des 31-40 ans. Les principaux organes touchés étaient le foie (64,9 %) et les poumons (26,8 %) et 18 cas (6,2 %) ont été confirmés comme hydatidose secondaire. La plupart des patients (79,4 %) avaient été traités par albendazole. La province de Kermanshah devrait être considérée comme une région d'endémie pour le kyste hydatique humain ; des actions de prévention renforcées sont nécessaires.

1Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine; 2Cellular and Molecular Parasitology Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine; 4Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Reza’s Hospital; 5Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Hygiene, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran (Correspondence to M. Vejdani: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it ).
3Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Received: 21/03/12; accepted: 09/05/12
EMHJ, 2013, 19(7):671-675

Introduction

Cystic echinococcosis, caused by the larval stage of Echinoccocus granulosus, is a global public health threat. The embryos penetrate the wall of the intestine and are carried in the bloodstream to vital organs such as the liver, the lungs or the brain, where they can form into watery blisters called hydatid cysts [1,2]. The disease presents a substantial burden on the human population. Current estimates suggest that cystic hydatid disease caused by E. granulosus results in the loss of 1–3 million disability-adjusted life years per annum. The annual cost of treating cases and economic loss to the livestock industry approximately amounts to US$ 2 billion. These diseases are perhaps some of the more important global parasitic diseases, with more than 1 million people affected at any time [3].

Hydatid disease is endemic in sheep-raising areas of Africa, the Mediterranean region of Europe, the Middle East, Greece, Asia, South America, Australia and New Zealand [4,5]. The parasite has a very wide geographical distribution [6] and there is evidence for the emergence or re-emergence of human cystic echinococcosis in parts of China, Central Asia, Eastern Europe and Israel. E. granulosus is endemic too in the Islamic Republic of Iran, with stray dogs acting as the final host of the disease and sheep as the intermediate hosts. Human infections are regularly observed in medical centres in different parts of Islamic Republic of Iran [7,8] but the western region of the country is more affected by this parasite than the other parts [9]. Some studies in single hospitals or isolated cases have been reported previously from other areas [10–12]. As there is limited information on the epidemiology of the disease in the west of the Islamic Republic of Iran, we aimed to study the demographic and clinical characteristics of cases of primary and secondary hydatid cyst in Kermanshah hospitals.

Methods

Study design and setting

A retrospective study from 2004–09 was performed in 7 private and public hospitals for tracking primary and secondary hydatid cyst in Kermanshah. The province of Kermanshah is located in the middle of the western part of the Islamic Republic of Iran, with a population of 1 900 831 in the last census in 2011. It is an agricultural and traditional livestock region of the country and women participate in the farming lifestyle as much as men. The province has a moderate mountainous climate and is suitable for husbandry of animals, particularly sheep. On the other hand, stray dogs, sheep and domestic herbivores in the mountain area and prairie have contributed to the existence of human and veterinary unilocular hydatid cyst.

Data collection

All documents were reviewed and files were analysed from all patients suspected to be infected with hydatid cyst who had been hospitalized and had undergone physical examination for clinical manifestations, computerized tomography scanning, magnetic resonance imaging, sonography and diagnostic laboratory testing by surgery specialists. Out of 526 files examined a total of 291 cases were reported to be infected with hydatid cyst. Data on age, sex, occupation, organs involved, primary or secondary recurrence of hydatid cyst and medication (albendazole-treated or not), were extracted from the hospital files. After surgery, oral albendazole 10 mg/kg or 400 mg twice daily for 4 weeks was administrated, and repeated as necessary for up to 12 cycles, each separated by an interval of 2 weeks, repeated after 3–6 months.

Data analysis

The data was analysed with SPSS, version 16, and simple descriptive statistics are reported.

Results

A total of 526 cases were studied in 7 hospitals during a 6-year period. Patients had undergone diagnosis based on clinical manifestations and 291 cases were operated on and verified with hydatid disease. Based on the most recent census data for the population of Kermanshah province (1 900 831) this was an annual rate of approximately 2.6 per 100 000.

The principal sites of infection were the liver (64.9%) and lung (26.8%); 3 cases (1.0%) were infected in both organs. Smaller numbers were infected in the pelvic area (5 cases, 1.7%), while the remaining case involved the kidney, omentum, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, prostate, bladder (3 cases each) and the uterus, mesentery or vertebrate (1 case each) (Table 1). Among these cases liver and lung involvement were reported at the highest rates.

The sex distribution showed 51.5% females and 48.5% males (Table 1). Just over half of patients were from urban areas (57.7%) and 42.3% were from residential rural areas. The age distribution indicated 6.9% of people infected were between 1–10 years of age and the oldest person diagnosed was 80 years old. The most prevalent age group for hydatid cyst disease was 31–40 years (17.5%).

Out of 291 patients, 18 cases (6.2%) were confirmed as secondary (recurrence) human hydatid cyst and 93.8% as primary hydatid cyst. Nearly three-quarters of patients with hydatidosis (73.2%) underwent laparotomy and 26.8% underwent laparoscopy surgery. Albendazole was used after surgery on 231 cases (79.4%). Albendazole medication lasted approximately 3 months and rarely over 6 months to 2 years. The recovery rate of hydatid cyst disease was 79.4%.

Discussion

E. granulosus is a cosmopolitan parasite and endemic regions exist in each continent. Considerable public health problems occur in many areas, including countries of Central America, South America, Western and Southern Europe, Middle East, North Africa, sub-Saharan countries, China and Russia. Generally the Islamic Republic of Iran is an endemic area of hydatidosis [13,14]. Based on our data we estimated an annual rate of human hydatid cyst of 2.6 cases per 100 000 people annually in hospitals in the province of Kermanshah. Another series reported the annual incidence of operated hydatidosis in Islamic Republic of Iran to be 4.8 per 100 000 people [15]. An overall rate of 1.45 cases per 100 000 people was reported in another study; the incidence was highest in Khorasan province (in the north-east of the country) with 4.45 cases per 100 000 people and the lowest in Hormozgan province (in the south of the country) with 1 case per 100 000 people [16]. The rate in other countries people were Greece (13 per 1 000 000), rural regions of Uruguay (75 per 1 000 000), rural regions of Argentina (143 per 1 000 000), Xinjiang in China (197 per 1 000 000) and Turkana in Kenya (220 per 1 000 000) [17]. Neighbouring Turkey had 18–20 cases per 1 000 000 people [18]. Stray dogs represent a major threat for transmission to humans [19]; in Kermanshah, the prevalence of E. granulosus in dogs and red foxes were reported as 16.7% and 7.1% respectively [20].

In this study it was found that females were more affected than males. The relationship between domestic sheep, dogs and humans is very close in the region, and women that have agricultural occupations and work as traditional livestock farmers are more directly exposed to these animals. On the other hand, women who are housekeepers in urban areas are mostly exposed to raw vegetables for daily diet consumption and may consume E. granulosus eggs. Studies elsewhere in the country found that the rate of infection in urban areas was greater than rural areas [21], but our findings contradicted that. Other studies also showed that patients with hydatid cyst disease were mostly females [16,17,22–25].

In our study, the youngest age of patients with hydatid cyst disease was between 1–10 (6.9%) years of age and the 2 oldest cases were over 80 years of age (2.1%), but the highest rate of hydatid cyst was between 31–40 years of age (17.5%). A study in Iraq found that the mean age of patients with hydatidosis was 31 years of age [26]. Other studies observed the highest number of infected cases in north-west Islamic Republic of Iran were in the age group 20–40 years [1], and in the northern region of the country in the ages 21–30 years [23]. The highest rate of hydatidosis cases throughout the country were between ages 20–29 years.

Most hydatid cyst organ operations are done on the liver and the rate of liver operations is higher than any other organs [23]. Our study recognized the rate of organ operations on pelvic area, kidney omentum, spleen, pancreas, adrenal glands, gallbladder, uterus, mesenteric area, prostate and bladder were lower than the lung and liver. Recent surgeries reported a rare case of perianal hydatid cyst in Kermanshah province from a rural area [27]. Other investigations identified an infrequent hydatid cyst in the thyroid [28]. Generally, hydatid cysts can be found in the liver and the lungs of infected adults; however, the lungs were more affected than the liver in paediatric groups [29]. Our study showed that only 1.0% of cases had simultaneously infection of the lungs and liver. Nevertheless, other studies showed that the rate of simultaneous liver and lung cysts to be as high as 26% [30] and 12.1% [16].

In this study, most patients had primary hydatid cyst (93.8%), whereas 6.2% with hydatid cyst recurrence were referred to as having secondary hydatid cyst. Another study reported recurrences in only 2% of cases [31]. Some studies indicated the recurrence rate to be variable and commonly ranged from 1.5%–2.5% [32]. In addition, a study in 2010 observed the recurrence of hydatid disease to be 8% during a median follow-up period of 33 months. Other studies indicated a reported incidence between 1.1%–25%, which may be caused by spilling of the cyst’s contents during a previous operation [4]. In Iraq, in which 14.5% of patients had cystic lesions in the liver or other abdominal organs, no recurrences of hydatidosis were observed, except in 1 patient who was referred to a surgery department as a case of pleural effusion drainage despite albendazole therapy [26]. In contrast, some countries reported no recurrences among 65 patients who had undergone surgical hydatid cyst removal in the liver [22]. Other research groups suggested chemotherapy was needed for recurrence of the disease [33]. Some studies reported secondary ovarian hydatid cyst after a 15-year hepatic involvement and recurrence after 30 months [34]. One case study reported a 34-year-old woman who had a 4-time resection of a hydatid cyst from her abdomen. She later developed respiratory symptoms and more than 800 secondary cysts were removed [35].

In our research, laparotomy removal of hydatid cyst, aspiration, reaspiration of fluid cyst with scolicidal agents, skin resection surgery and pre- and post-operative use of albendazole therapy from 12 weeks to 6 months had been prescribed; 20.6% of patients did not take albendazole therapy after surgical removal of hydatid cysts. Other studies recommended that preoperative treatment with albendazole is effective in reducing the rate of recurrence [12]. Other surgeons recommended albendazole for 3 21-day courses with 10-day rest periods between courses and only 1 recurrence was reported from month 1–72 [26]. Some suggested that the frozen-seal technique is safe and effective for the surgical treatment of hydatid disease in non-endemic areas and results showed the recurrence rates and mortality rates were lower [4]. In our study, surgical methods and the use of chemotherapeutic agents such as albendazole were employed, even though the secondary or recurrence rates were higher than in other studies (6.2%). However, prior to the operation in some cases, albendazole was administered and continued for 6 months after surgery. A review article suggested that albendazole use postoperatively may be necessary, especially for bone treatment for a period of 2 years with praziquantel. This regimen can be employed for multiple recurrences [36]. Other researchers suggest that especially in cases of recurrent intra-abdominal extra-hepatic hydatid cyst without concomitant hepatic cyst(s) presence, treatment with albendazole may lead to disappearance of the recurrent cyst and therefore should constitute a first-line therapeutic option prior to any planned reoperation [37].

In the present study, female housekeepers in urban and suburban areas, aged between 30–50 years old, with liver and lung involvement were the groups most commonly infected with epidemiological hydatid cyst in Kermanshah province. The recurrence rate of secondary primary cyst in all patients was 6.2%. As these results suggest, Kermanshah province should be considered as an endemic region in the medical geography zone. Regions near western Islamic Republic of Iran, including neighbouring countries, should be considered as endemic regions for hydatid cyst disease. Better efforts at prevention of hydatid cyst disease are needed in the area including reducing the secondary rate of hydatid cyst.

Competing interests: None declared.

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