World Health Organization
منظمة الصحة العالمية
Organisation mondiale de la Santé

Lebanon’s experience in surveillance of communicable diseases during a mass gathering: Sixth Francophone Games, 2009

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Nadine Haddad 1, Walid Ammar 1, Alfred Khoury 2, Alex Cox 3 and Nada Ghosn 1

الخبرات المكتسبة في لبنان في ترصُّد الأمراض السارية خلال إحدى التجمعات الحاشدة: الدورة السادسة للألعاب الفرنكوفونية، 2009

نادين حداد، وليد عمّار، الفريد خوري، أليكس كوكس، ندى غصن

الخلاصة: في عام 2009، استضاف لبنان الدورة السادسة للألعاب الفرنكوفونية. وفي ذلك الوقت كان فيروس A(H1N1) 2009 الوبائي العالمي يمثل تهديداً صحياً كبيراً. وقد نُفِّذَت استراتيجية للترصُّد للكشف عن الأحداث والأوبئة في الوقت المناسب وعلاجها، لا سيّما بالنسبة للحالات الناجمة عن فيروس A(H1N1) 2009. وكانت البيانات تُجْمَع وتُدار يومياً، ويتم الإعلان عن المعلومات الارتجاعية من خلال نشرات يومية. وقد أُبْلِغ عن 299 استشارة طبية، وكان 29٪ منها تتعلق بالأمراض السارية. وكان هناك 10 حالات أُبْلِغ عنها على أنها التهابات حادة في الجهاز التنفسي، وكانت جميع الاختبارات سلبية لفيروس A(H1N1) 2009 في غضون 24 ساعة. كما أُبْلِغ عن 23 حالة التهاب معوي، وكانت نتائج زرع البراز سلبية في 11 حالة منها. وفي حين أن فيروس A(H1N1) 2009 الوبائي العالمي يتدخل في الألعاب الفرنكوفونية، كان من الضروري تعزيز الترصُّد والحصول على المعلومات الوبائية في الوقت المناسب. وقد تحقق ذلك من خلال الاستعداد، واتّباع نَهْج متعدد التخصصات، والتدبير العلاجي في الوقت المناسب والتنسيق.

ABSTRACT In 2009, Lebanon hosted the 6th Francophone Games. Pandemic A(H1N1)2009 virus presented significant health threat at the time. A surveillance strategy was implemented for the timely detection and management of epidemiological events and outbreaks, in particular for A(H1N1)2009 virus cases. Data were collected and managed daily and feedback was generated through daily bulletins. A total of 299 medical consultations were reported, 29% of which related to infectious diseases. There were 10 cases reported as acute respiratory infections; all tested negative for A(H1N1)2009 virus within 24 hours. Twenty-three cases of gastroenteritis were reported, for which 11 stool cultures were negative. While pandemic A(H1N1)2009 did not interfere with the Games, it was essential to strengthen surveillance and to have timely epidemiological information. This was achieved through preparedness, a multi-disciplinary approach, timely management and coordination.

Expérience du Liban en matière de surveillance des maladies transmissibles lors d’un rassemblement de masse : sixième édition des Jeux de la Francophonie , 2009

RÉSUMÉ En 2009, le Liban a accueilli la sixième édition des Jeux de la Francophonie. Le virus pandémique A(H1N1) 2009 représentait une menace sanitaire majeure à l’époque. Une stratégie de surveillance a été mise en place en vue d’une détection et d’une prise en charge rapides des événements épidémiologiques et des flambées, notamment de cas de virus A(H1N1)2009. Les données ont été collectées et gérées sur une base journalière, et une rétroinformation était générée au moyen de bulletins quotidiens. Un total de 299 consultations médicales a été rapporté, dont 29 % en rapport avec des maladies infectieuses. Dix cas d’infections respiratoires aiguës ont été notifiés. Tous se sont révélés négatifs au test de recherche du virus A(H1N1) 2009 réalisé sous 24h. Vingt-trois cas de gastroentérite ont été signalés, pour lesquels 11 coprocultures se sont révélées négatives. Si la pandémie A(H1N1) 2009 n’a pas impacté les Jeux, il était essentiel de renforcer la surveillance et de mettre en place un système d’information épidémiologique rapide. Ces objectifs ont été atteints au moyen d’une préparation, d’une approche multidisciplinaire, ainsi que d’une prise en charge et d’une coordination rapides.

1Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon (Correspondence to: N. Haddad: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it ). 2University Medical Center − Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon. 3European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Stockholm, Sweden.

Received: 07/05/15; accepted: 23/05/16

Introduction

“Mass gathering” refers to the assembly, whether planned or spontaneous, of a large number of people attending a particular event (artistic, religious, social or sporting) for a certain time period (1). Whether the least number of assembly is defined as 1 000 or 25 000 (2,3), such events put multiple strains on the host community, particularly in terms of public health implications (1,4). Health risks associated with mass gatherings relate mainly to the increased transmission of communicable diseases, food and waterborne diseases, injuries, environmental threats and bioterrorism (5,6).

Documented experiences show mass gatherings are public health events of international concern, highlighting the need to implement public health and surveillance activities (7–12). Public health plans during mass gatherings rely on several components, such as disease surveillance and outbreak response, environmental and food safety, public health response, mass causality preparedness as well as public information and health promotion (1,5,6).

In 2009, Lebanon hosted the Sixth Francophone Games (6FG) from 27 September to 6 October (13). Approximately 3 000 artists and athletes from 46 countries were expected. A “Francophone village” was designated at the Lebanese University Campus in Hadath (Mount Lebanon province) to accommodate all the participants, in addition to their administrative and medical representatives. The risk of increased transmission of communicable diseases was exacerbated in this event given the context at that time of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus (14). The need for epidemiological surveillance during the Games was expressed by the international organizing committee. As a result, close collaboration between the national medical committee of the 6FG and the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) was established during the preparation phase for the event. A surveillance team from the Epidemiological Surveillance Programme (Esumoh) was designated to collaborate with the 6FG medical committee before and during the Games. An epidemiological surveillance and preparedness plan was developed, specifying needed activities, human resources and partnerships.

The 6FG surveillance plan had 2 main objectives: i) to describe health events occurring during the Games in order to timely detect epidemiological alerts and outbreaks; and ii) to timely detect and manage A(H1N1)2009 cases in order to mitigate any related risks.

This paper describes the development of the public health and preparedness plan, its implementation before and during the Games and the health events reported during the Games.

Development of the public health and preparedness plan

Setting

The temporary Francophone Village included a village clinic that provided free medical consultations to all participants, volunteers and administrative personnel. Participants were also able to seek care from their delegations’ medical representatives, when available. The Red Cross was ready at the campus and stadiums to transport patients to nearby hospitals. During the Games, an epidemiological surveillance team, which included 3 epidemiologists, was set up next to the village clinic.

Development of the plan

As this was the first time Esumoh had conducted mass gathering surveillance, it was essential to review the experiences of other countries while bearing in mind the health threats that acute respiratory infections would pose (8,15–21). A thorough risk assessment was conducted in order to identify potential health risks. For each participating country, the websites of their health authorities were reviewed in attempt to build their epidemiological profiles. In addition, news websites were screened for reported national or local outbreaks. Diseases were then prioritized according to the likelihood of their occurrence during the 6FG. Priority diseases included acute watery diarrhoea, bloody diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection, non-febrile respiratory syndrome and febrile maculopapular rash (22–32).

The public health and preparedness plan was subsequently developed which included several components: enhancing the national surveillance system, conducting site-specific surveillance, strengthening epidemic intelligence, providing guidelines and training on surveillance and case management, and implementing environmental surveillance.

Implementation of the plan before and during the Games

Surveillance

Surveillance during the 6FG relied on enhancing the national communicable diseases surveillance, as well as conducting site-specific surveillance. Official circulars were issued by the MOPH to hospitals in Beirut and Mount Lebanon, requesting them to immediately report all mandatory notifiable diseases for the 6FG period.

Site-specific surveillance was initiated at the village clinic. Each medical consultation was documented using a standardized medical form, including information on patient identification, disease signs and diagnosis. In addition, the delegations’ medical representatives were asked to fill a daily zero reporting form specifying the number of acute respiratory infections, gastroenteritis and other febrile diseases. Furthermore, the epidemiological team conducted regular site meetings with the delegations’ medical representatives to enhance collaboration.

Guidelines and training

In an attempt to have a uniform understanding on case definitions and case management (Table 1), specific guidelines were adopted from the national Esumoh surveillance guidelines. The guidelines were incorporated in the 6FG medical booklet, intended for internal use within the village clinic. Prior to the start of the Games, training on site-specific surveillance was conducted for all medical personnel operating at the village clinic as well as the delegations’ medical representatives.

Data management

Medical forms and zero-reporting forms were collected and entered daily in specific databases using EpiData, version 3. Medical diagnoses written on the medical forms were coded using the 10th version of the International Classification of Diseases. Daily analysis was conducted using Excel and compared the relative increase of health events to the previous 3 days.

Epidemic intelligence

Event-based surveillance was conducted at the national and supra-national levels. Esumoh epidemiologists performed daily screening of Al-Moktatafat, a daily bulletin that combines all health-related articles published in Lebanese newspapers. In addition, global screening of online sources using MediSys was provided by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.

Environmental surveillance

Before the 6FG, water samples were taken from the main campus reservoir and several water taps in different locations. Bacteriological results were negative. The campus kitchen was inspected and bacteriological stool cultures were performed for all 15 food handlers. During the event, food specimens were collected daily from every served meal and preserved at 4–8 °C. They were to be tested in case of a foodborne alert. For entomological surveillance, light traps and filter papers soaked with castor oil were placed in the campus fields and the dormitory halls. Their locations were changed every other day, to optimize capturing. In addition, manual mosquito captures were done by volunteers in the campus fields.

Reports and feedback

A two-page French bulletin summarizing reported cases and alerts was issued daily based on national and site-specific surveillance. Another daily English bulletin, Communicable Diseases Threat Report, for the 6FG was prepared jointly by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and Esumoh. The bulletins were communicated daily with the 6FG medical committee and delegates, and published on the MOPH website.

Prevention and control

At the village clinic, the MOPH provided stockpiles of essential drugs and antiviral medications, in addition to sets for specimen collection and personal protective equipment. Any acute respiratory infection case was considered as suspected A(H1N1)2009 and was isolated in a dedicated room. He/she was treated immediately with antivirals while a sample was taken for testing by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Based on the test result, treatment was either continued or suspended. The management of suspected cases was influenced by the experience in Serbia earlier that year (16). Posters in French focusing on hand hygiene, cough etiquette and influenza prevention were distributed throughout the Francophone Village.

Building partnerships

Several collaborations were essential to carry out these surveillance activities. Expertise and technical support were provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. WHO provided posters and brochures and supported the presence of 2 epidemiologists. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control provided epidemic intelligence. Measles Immunoglobulin M (IgM) serology, water bacteriological testing and stool bacteriological culture were referred to the clinical laboratory of the Rafic Hariri University Hospital. Timely RT-PCR testing for influenza virus was provided by the research laboratory of the Rafic Hariri University Hospital. Entomological specimens were sent to the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at the American University of Beirut. Food bacteriological testing was undertaken by Fanar Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture.

Activities and events during the Games

Medical consultations

From 22 September to 7 October 2009, a total of 299 medical consultations were sought at the village clinic. The average daily number of consultations was 18, with a minimum of 3 (on 3 September) and a maximum of 38 (on 26 September). The main reasons for medical consultations on 26 September were headache and superficial injuries.

The largest proportion of medical consultations related to noncommunicable diseases (39%), followed by trauma and related musculoskeletal conditions (32%) and infectious diseases (29%). Among infectious diseases, consultations were for respiratory infection (18%), watery gastroenteritis (8%), febrile illness (2%), bloody gastroenteritis (0.5%) and icteric illness (0.5%) (Figure 1).

Acute respiratory infection

Twenty-one febrile respiratory infections were reported from the village clinic. Medical delegates reported 7 other febrile respiratory infections. No clustering was observed.

Eight nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from patients with febrile respiratory infection and 2 from patients with febrile syndrome. RT-PCR results were available within 24–48 hours from specimen collection. All swabs tested negative for A(H1N1)2009.

Acute gastroenteritis

Twenty-three cases of gastroenteritis were reported from the village clinic and 5 from medical representatives the delegations. Bacteriological culture was performed on 11 stool specimens which all tested negative. On 5 October, 7 cases of watery gastroenteritis were reported which was an increase compared to a maximum of 2 in the previous days.

Daily zero reporting

A total of 54 zero-reporting forms were received from the medical representatives of 14 delegations between 26 September and 1 October. Reporting completeness was calculated as the number of received forms divided by the number of attending delegations. However, calculating daily completeness was difficult since delegations had different durations of stay. Nevertheless, considering only the 18 delegations that attended the training had medical representatives, the overall completeness rate ranged between 28 and 67%.

Environmental sampling

Bacteriological tests were negative for all water samples. One food handler tested positive for Salmonella sp. and was consequently excluded from the kitchen before the beginning of the 6FG. Food samples of the meals offered on 30 September were tested and revealed contamination with coliforms although the cause of the contamination was unknown. Entomological surveillance revealed the presence of Aedes cretinus.

Feedback

Eight daily Communicable Diseases Threat Report bulletins were issued in English, and 7 daily bulletins were issued in French. Information was disseminated daily to all stakeholders and uploaded online on the MOPH website.

Discussion

Although Lebanon had had previous experience in hosting regional events, the 6FG was the first mass gathering that integrated epidemiological surveillance activities and represents a valuable learning experience, particularly given in the situation of the pandemic A(H1N1)2009 virus. Preparation with national and international stakeholders was an essential step for establishing and implementing the public health and preparedness plan.

For the success of the 6FG public health plan, collaboration functioned between Esumoh MOPH and all stakeholders and contributors at 3 different levels: with the 6FG medical committee within the Francophone Village, with the ministries involved and the reference laboratories at the national level, and with participating delegations and supranational agencies at the international level.

The main element in the pandemic mitigation plan was the timely detection, confirmation and case management of potential A(H1N1)2009 cases. Close collaboration between Esumoh and the reference laboratory ensured timely testing and feedback. Isolation of suspected cases prior to laboratory confirmation was necessary but inconvenient for athletes. Nevertheless, the mitigation plan was efficient as no increase in acute respiratory infections was recorded.

Trauma and related musculoskeletal conditions accounted for almost one-third of the total medical consultations; this was expected during an event comprising sports competition (6). At the same time, the increase in gastrointestinal cases was also expected as has been reported in the literature (6,11).

The gastroenteritis alert on 5 October was detected one day following onset and coincided with the last day of the 6FG. Delegations were in the process of leaving at the time of detection and therefore the epidemiological investigation was hindered. Only bacteriological stool culture was available and the laboratory results all came back negative.

Food samples were tested following the gastroenteritis alert. However, results were only available 10 days after serving the contaminated meal on 30 September. The main lesson for future events would be to have mechanisms in place to ensure food safety so as to avoid possible foodborne infections, which is more effective approach than detecting contamination once it has occurred.

Zero reporting was an innovative tool in such event-specific surveillance. It was useful for detecting cases seeking care outside the clinic. However, assessing daily or overall completeness was difficult as the denominator varied daily according to length of stay of the delegations. In addition, delegates without medical staff were less compliant. In future similar events, length of stay of delegates should be known in order to adequately monitor completeness.

The presence of Aedes cretinus in environmental samples collected from the Hadath area had already been found in a 2-year mosquito study conducted in Lebanon in 2005 (33). Nevertheless the need to improve the national vector surveillance and control programme is increasing, particularly with the changing climate and ecological conditions that favour vector activity (34).

Conclusion

Mass gatherings present a unique epidemiological situation where the increased risk of communicable disease transmission can have national and international health implications. Mass gatherings and their associated risks are nowadays regarded as an emerging topic in global health and global epidemiology (12).

The 6FG was the first experience for Lebanon of implementing mass gathering surveillance. Although the size of this assembly was smaller compared to other documented regional mass gatherings, it enriches the literature given that most of the publications in the Eastern Mediterranean region relate to the annual Haj and other religious commemorations (35–39).

Our experience shows that, whatever the type or size of mass gathering, available health infrastructure can be used through careful planning, partnerships and close coordination with various sectors and actors. In order to replicate the 6FG experience in future events to be held in Lebanon, close collaboration between the MOPH and other involved ministries is mandatory.

Moreover, surveillance activities should be continued after the mass gathering event ends. It would be beneficial to designate focal points from each participating country to provide feedback on the health status of their participants after returning to their home country.

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the contribution of: Ziad Mansour (WHO Country |Office, Lebanon); Denis Coulombier (European Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention); Jacques Mokhbat (University Medical Center – Rizk Hospital); Pierre Zalouae (Rafik Hariri University Hospital Research Laboratory), Rita Feghali (Rafik Hariri University Hospital, Bacteriology Laboratory); Rima Hage (Ministry of Agriculture, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute); Khouzama Knio (American University of Beirut, Faculty of Arts and Sciences); Ahmad Saleh and Rachelle Louis (Ministry of Public Health, Lebanon).

Funding: Surveillance activities were funded by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, World Health Organization Country Office in Beirut and the Sixth Francophone Games Committee.

Competing interests: None declared.

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