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منظمة الصحة العالمية
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Prevalence and predictors of smoking among adolescent schoolchildren in Monastir, Tunisia

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Research article

S. El Mhamdi,1 G. Wolfcarius-Khiari,2 S. Mhalla,2 K. Ben Salem1 and S.M. Soltani1

معدل الانتشار والعوامل المنبئة بالتدخين بين المراهقين في مدارس مدينة المنستير بتونس

سناء المحمدي، جينفيافو فولكعيوس خياري، سامي محلة، كمال بن سالم، محمد السوسي سلطاني

الخلاصـة: أجرى الباحثون هذه الدراسة في مدينة المنستير بتونس لتقدير معدل انتشار التدخين، وتحليل محدِّدات تعاطي التبغ بين المراهقين الذين تتراوح أعمارُهم بين 10 سنوات و19 سنة. وهي دراسة مستعرضة قائمة على المراقبة في ثماني كليات ومدارس عليا في مدينة المنستير عام 2004. وكان متوسط أعمار تسع مئة مستجيب للدراسة هو 15.8 سنة (الانحراف المعياري 2.2)، وكان 47.7% منهم تحت عمر 16 سنة. وبلغ معدل الانتشار الإجمالي لتعاطي التبغ خلال العام السابق 16.0% (30.2% من الذكور، و4.6% من الإناث). وأوضحت الدراسة أن أُولى تجارب التدخين قد بدأت عن طريق إغراءٍ من الأصدقاء في 45.8% من الحالات، في عُمُر متوسطُهُ 13.8 سنة (الانحراف المعياري 2.3). وتعاطَى خُمس المدخنين (21.5%) أشكالاً أخرى من التبغ. ودلَّ التحليل العديد المتغيرات على أن العوامل الرئيسية المنبئة بتدخين البالغين تتمثل في الجنس المذكر، والإخفاق في التحصيل الأكاديمي، وسوء التدبير العائلي، والسلوك الاجتماعي العدواني، والسلوكيات الإدمانية. وكان انتشار التدخين مرتفعاً بين المراهقين في مدينة المنستير مما يتطلب أفعالاً هادفة لمكافحة التدخين.

ABSTRACT: study in Monastir, Tunisia estimated the prevalence of smoking and analysed the determinants of tobacco use among adolescents aged 10–19 years. An observational cross-sectional study was performed in the 8 colleges and high schools of Monastir city in 2004. The mean age of the 900 respondents was 15.8 (SD 2.2) years and 47.7% were aged under 16 years. The overall prevalence of cigarette use during the past year was 16.0% (30.2% among males and 4.6% among females). The first smoking experience was initiated by friends in 45.8% of cases, at a mean age of 13.8 (SD 2.3) years. One-fifth of smokers (21.5%) had used other forms of tobacco. In multivariate analysis, male sex, academic failure, poor family management, antisocial behaviour and addictive behaviour were the main predictors of adolescent smoking status. The prevalence of smoking among adolescents in Monastir is high and requires targeted action.

Prévalence et facteurs prédictifs du tabagisme chez les adolescents à Monastir (Tunisie)

RÉSUMÉ: Une étude effectuée à Monastir (Tunisie) a estimé la prévalence du tabagisme et analysé les déterminants de l’utilisation du tabac chez les adolescents âgés de 10 à 19 ans. Une étude transversale d’observation a été conduite dans huit établissements d’enseignement secondaire de la ville de Monastir en 2004. L’âge moyen des 900 répondants était de 15,8 ans (E.T. 2,2) et 47,7 % avaient moins de 16 ans. La prévalence globale de consommation de cigarettes au cours de l’année antérieure était de 16,0 % (30,2 % chez les adolescents et 4,6 % chez les adolescentes). La première expérience de consommation de tabac était initiée par des amis dans 45,8 % des cas, à un âge moyen de 13,8 ans (E.T. 2,3). Un cinquième des fumeurs (21,5 %) avait utilisé d’autres formes de tabac. Une analyse multivariée a montré que le sexe masculin, l’échec scolaire, une famille qui ne joue plus son rôle, un comportement antisocial et addictif étaient les principaux facteurs prédictifs du statut tabagique des adolescents. La prévalence du tabagisme chez les adolescents scolarisés à Monastir est élevée et appelle à une action ciblée.

EMHJ, 2011, 17(6): 523-528

1Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia (Correspondence to S. El Mhamdi: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it ). 2Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia. Received: 02/09/09; accepted: 31/03/10  

Introduction

In the face of anti-smoking interventions by policy-makers that aim to reduce the rate of smoking in populations, the tobacco industry often targets adolescents, who are seen as the weakest link in the tobacco epidemic chain [1]. Studies show that almost all smokers initiate cigarette smoking during adolescence, a phase that is influenced by home habits, and the social and school context [2,3]. According to the World Health Organization and other studies, the prevalence of smoking among school-age adolescents is high, especially in developing countries, with estimates ranging from 14% to 29% [4–7]. These figures for adolescents have serious public health implications [4]. Efforts to prevent uptake of tobacco use by adolescents requires knowledge of the magnitude and the determinants of their smoking habits [2].

A study in Tunisia in 1996 showed that the prevalence of tobacco smoking among adults was high (30.4% for both sexes) and that the age at which people started smoking appeared to be falling [8]. Thus smoking by adolescents has become a serious concern that demands specific actions such as targeted education campaigns [9]. The success of such interventions requires knowledge of the epidemiological profile of the specific target group. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of smoking and identify the determinants of tobacco use among school adolescents in the city of Monastir.

Methods

Setting and sampling

We performed a cross-sectional study in the city of Monastir in Tunisia from 1­–21 May 2004. The city had 81 296 inhabitants in 2004, of whom 17 885 (22%) were adolescents aged 10–19 years [10]. There were a total of 8 public and private institutions in the city (colleges and high schools) with 240 classes and 7648 students at all levels. Among secondary school adolescents we expected the minimum prevalence of tobacco use to be 10%. The required minimum sample size to determine the prevalence with 95% confidence limits and 2% precision was estimated to be 864 adolescents.

A stratified, random sampling method was used to select a representative sample of school adolescents. All 8 public and private schools in Monastir city were included. In each school, classes were randomly selected according to the number at each level. All 1023 adolescents in selected classes were included, of whom 940 were reached at the time of the study and agreed to complete the questionnaire, resulting in a response rate of 91.8%. Incomplete questionnaires were returned by 40 students had and these were excluded. Thus, our final sample comprised 900 students.

Data collection

Adolescents completed a self-administered questionnaire that was validated in a previous study [11]. It comprised 135 items covering the following domains:  sociodemographic characteristics; smoking habits (age of starting smoking, number of cigarettes smoked per day, types of tobacco smoked and environmental tobacco exposure); consumption of toxic substances other than tobacco; family experiences; academic success or failure; addictive and anxious behaviour; aspects of quality of life that could influence smoking habits; and  attitudes, perceptions and motivation for smoking

Each domain was explored by various items (yes/no or Likert-type responses) and mean scores were calculated for each domain. After that, the score of each domain was divided into 2 classes (yes/no) according to the cut-offs from previous studies using the same questionnaire [11].

The following operative definitions were used: non-smoker was a student who had never smoked tobacco in any form during his/her lifetime; smoker was a student who ever used cigarettes during the past year; smoking addiction was defined as a Fagerström test score ≥ 7 (high nicotine addiction).

The distribution of the questionnaire was made outside examination and revision periods and students completed the questionnaires in their classroom. The completed questionnaires were collected by the researchers.

The survey was approved by the ethics committee of the Ministry of Education. The questionnaire was administered totally anonymously in the classroom. To protect the privacy of participants and to obtain as frank answers as possible, we explained to the students that questionnaires were anonymous. We also explained that participation was voluntary and that not participating would not have any repercussions.

Statistical analysis

To facilitate the statistical analysis we analysed only the domains of the questionnaire and not the 135 items separately. To identify factors associated with tobacco addiction among adolescents in the city of Monastir, we used Student t-test to compare means and the chi-squared test to compare percentages. A P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with smoking status. In this model, variables with a univariate test value ≤ 0.25 were included. The final returned variables were those significant at the level of 5%. Confidence intervals (CI) at the 95% level were used for estimation and generalization of different frequencies.

Results

The mean age of the 900 respondents was 15.8 (SD 2.2) years and 47.7% were under 16 years. There was preponderance of females in the sample (sex ratio = 0.8) and 92.2% of adolescents were living with both their parents.

A total of 144 students reported that they were smokers, giving a prevalence of smoking among these school adolescents of 16.0%. The prevalence of smoking among men was 30.2% (n = 121) and among women was 4.6% (n = 23). The median number of cigarettes smoked was 7 per day (interquartile range 4–15).

Among smokers there were a significantly higher proportion of males than females (84.0% versus 16.0%) (P < 0.01) and of those aged < 16 years than ≥ 16 years (53.5% versus 46.5%) (P < 0.01). However, it did not differ significantly by parent’s level of education or parent’s smoking status (Table 1).

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the school adolescents who were smokers in Monastir city

The mean age of smokers was 15.5 (SD 2.1) years and the mean age at the first smoking experience was 13.8 (SD 2.3) years, with a significant difference according to sex: females were older than males at the first smoking experience (Table 2) (P < 0.01).Smoking initiation was motivated by a friend in 45.8% of cases and by the smoker’s family in 10.8%. Among these smokers, 21.5% (n = 31) reported consuming other tobacco products, 8.2% consumed alcohol and 2.1% were cannabis users.

Table 2 Characteristics of the 144 school adolescents who were smokers in Monastir city by sex

In univariate analysis, the domain of academic failure was significantly associated with a greater risk of smoking: the odds increased more than 6-fold with academic failure (OR = 6.2, 95% CI: 3.9–9.7). Antisocial and addictive behaviours (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 2.3–3.5 and OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.9–2.8 respectively) and favourable attitudes toward alcohol (OR = 3.7, 95% CI: 2.6–5.3) were significantly associated with an increasing smoking risk (P < 0.01). We also showed a significant correlation between smoking behaviour and poor family management (OR = 2.0, 1.4–2.9) and poor quality of life (OR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2–2.7) (Table 3). However, family permissiveness and anxious behaviour were not correlated with the smoking status of these adolescents (Table 3).

Table 3 Risk factors for smoking among school adolescents of Monastir city: univariate logistic regression analysis

In multivariate analysis, we included sex; age divided into classes and the other significant risk factors for smoking (as reported in Table 3). In the final model we showed that academic failure significantly increased the risk of smoking after adjustment for others factors (OR = 3.9, 95% CI: 2.4–6.3) (P < 0.01). Antisocial behaviour (OR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.2–4.7) and addictive behaviour (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1–2.8) were also still significantly associated with smoking behaviour. This model retained female sex as a protective factor for smoking (OR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.2–0.4), P < 0.01) (Table 4).

Table 4 Risk factors for smoking among school adolescents of Monastir city: multivariate logistic regression analysis

Discussion  

Our study aimed to estimate the prevalence of tobacco use among adolescents in Monastir city and to assess its correlates. To achieve our objectives we conducted the study on a random sample of college and high-school adolescents using a questionnaire based on validated scores [11]. In order to limit problems of inconclusive or missing answers we clearly explained the objectives of the study to the adolescents. Anonymity was also guaranteed to make students feel more comfortable about responding. However, our results cannot be applied to all young people of the same age.

A new generation of adolescents continue to start using tobacco at younger ages and it is particularly important to prevent tobacco use at this stage of life. Indeed, estimates of the prevalence of smoking among school adolescents range from 9% to 17.5% in other developing countries [12,13]. In developed countries the rate of tobacco use among adolescents is showing a continual decrease [14]. This decrease is related to effective interventions since the 1980s that target adolescent smoking prevention [15]. In developing countries, including Arab countries, smoking among adolescents has begun to increase alarmingly [4,7].

In Tunisia the prevalence of young smokers is also high: 18.1% in a national study in 2000 [16]. According to the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) in the Eastern Mediterranean region, this prevalence was rising constantly between 2001 and 2007 [17]. In our study of adolescents from Monastir city, we also found a high prevalence of self-reported smoking (16.0%). The rates recorded in our country require health care policies that encourage targeted tobacco prevention strategies. If effective actions are not implemented the consequences of the tobacco habit, especially in youth, will be heavy [18]. We also need a description of the determinants of smoking cessation among this particular population of adolescents to improve the effectiveness of tobacco prevention programmes.

According to the literature, tobacco consumption among females varies across different countries/cultures. Although there are societies without appreciable sex differences in tobacco use [19], many studies have found that tobacco use is more common among males than females [20,21]. In our study we also found a male predominance in tobacco consumption. This is mainly related to cultural and social taboos against women smoking in Tunisia.

The mean age of first smoking experience was 13.8 (SD 2.3) years in our study. This is younger than in most studies of tobacco use among teenagers [22]. This finding confirms the need for strategies to help young people to avoid starting smoking, for example through school-based programmes for smoking prevention [23].

The use of other tobacco products is frequent among cigarettes users, both male and female [24]. It has been reported that over 60% of cigarette smokers use other tobacco products [25]. In our study, 21.5% of the adolescents used other tobacco products. Although this prevalence was lower than found in other studies, it is expected to increase rapidly. Indeed, in the GYTS, the use of other tobacco products besides cigarettes in Tunisian adolescents rose from 8% to 15% between 2001 and 2007 [17].

Compared with non-smokers, current smokers also show other addictive behaviours that have been attributed to a lower quality of life and greater life stresses [26]. Affiliation with drug-using peers increases the risk of starting tobacco smoking and the use of illicit substances [27]. Our results are consistent with the literature that indicates that almost half of smokers begin their experience with peers who are smokers. These results highlight the key role of friends in smoking initiation and suggest a need for collective interventions among youth [28]. These prevention strategies should involve not only the students themselves but also the home, school and social environments [29].

Studies with youth groups have documented an association between academic difficulties and cigarette use. Several arguments have been advanced to explain this correlation; the most important suggests that smoking may be a means to compensate for stress due to lower academic achievement [27]. In fact, some studies from both developed and developing countries concluded that academic failure is a predictive factor for early tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use [6,30]. In our study, univariate and multivariate analyses were consistent with those of other studies.

Many strategies can be used to prevent adolescents’ tobacco use, such as laws restricting sales of tobacco products to minors. However, the evidence that such laws are effective in preventing initiation of tobacco use by adolescents is limited [31]. Others strategies against adolescents’ tobacco smoking are more likely to be effective, such as school-based programmes [32] and media-based tobacco-counter marketing campaigns [33]. We also can use new technologies (Internet/e-mail) that have proven effectiveness in including adolescents in anti-tobacco actions and prevention [34]. Youth who have already started smoking also should be targeted and given specific counselling in order to help them to escape their addiction [33].

Conclusion 

In our study we showed that smoking rates among adolescents remains high in Tunisia and the age of initiation of smoking was under 14 years. These results suggest that greater investment in preventive measures is needed to limit the human and economic impact of the smoking among young people.

Acknowledgements

Special thanks are due to Dr Zaafrane Ferid (Professor of Psychiatry) for his help in the monitoring of this study, the Ministry of Education for their agreement and help in the implementation of the study and the regional directors of study of schools and colleges for their help and their contribution in this study.

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