PDF version

H. Sheikholeslami,¹ C. Kani,¹ P. Fallah-Abed,² F. Lalooha³ and N. Mohammadi⁴

التفتيش على نقل منتجات الدم في قزوين، جمهورية إيران الإسلامية باستخدام صفيحة المعلومات الأساسية لمنظمة الصحة العالمية

همايون شيخ الإسلامي، كامليا كني، برويز فلاح عابد، فاطمة لالوها، نويد محمدي

الخلاصـة: استهدفت هذه الدراسة تقييم مدى ما تتمتَّع به صفيحة المعلومات الأساسية حول نقل الدم من قابلية للتطبيق في جمع المعطيات، والتعرُّف على الكفاية الإجمالية لتوثيق الأطباء لنقل منتجات الدم، ثم تنفيذ التفتيش على مدى ملاءمة نقل منتجات الدم باستخدام هذه الصفيحة. وقد راجع الباحثون مراجعة استباقية عمليةَ نقل منتجات الدم والدواعي السريرية لها لدى البالغين الذين أدخلوا المستشفيات التعليمية للرعاية الثالثية في قزوين، واستخدموا صحيفة المعلومات الأساسية حول نقل الدم. وقد وجد الباحثون على وجه الإجمال أن التوثيق الكافي قد تحقَّق لدى %62.6 من جميع مرَّات نقل الدم، وبمدى يتـراوح بين %41 و%73، وذلك تبعاً للاختصاص الطبي. كما وجد الباحثون أن طلبات النقل لم تكن ملائمة لدى %15.7 من طلبات نقل الكريات الحمراء وكامل الدم، و%40.8 من طلبات نقل الصفيحات و%34.1 من طلبات نقل البلازما المجمدة. واستنتج الباحثون أن من الممكن استخدام المعلومات المرتكزة على صفيحة المعلومات الأساسية مع جمع المعطيات بهدف تقديم معلومات ارتجاعية حول فعالية الدلائل الإرشادية المحلية والوطنية لنقل الدم وحول مدى الامتثال لها.

ABSTRACT We assessed the practicality of using the transfusion Basic Information Sheet (BIS) for data collection, to determine the overall adequacy of physician documentation of blood product transfusion, and to make an audit of the appropriateness of blood product transfusion. The transfusion process and clinical indications for transfusions administered to adult hospitalized patients in 3 tertiary care teaching hospitals in Qazvin were prospectively reviewed. Adequate documentation was achieved in 62.6% of all transfusion episodes, range 41%–73%, depending on the medical specialty; 15.7% of red blood cells and whole blood requests, 40.8% of platelet requests and 34.1% of fresh frozen plasma requests were inappropriate. BIS-based information along with data collection can be used to provide feedback regarding the effectiveness of and compliance with local and national transfusion guidelines.

Audit de la transfusion des produits sanguins à l’aide de la fiche d’information de base de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé, à Qazvin (République islamique d’Iran)

RÉSUMÉ Nous avons évalué l’aspect pratique de l’utilisation de la fiche d’information de base relative à la transfusion et destinée au recueil des données, de déterminer l’adéquation générale de la documentation des médecins sur la transfusion des produits sanguins, et de conduire un audit sur la pertinence des épisodes de transfusion. Le processus de transfusion et les indications cliniques de transfusions sanguines administrées aux patients adultes hospitalisés dans trois hôpitaux universitaires de soins tertiaires à Qazvin ont été étudiés prospectivement. Globalement, une documentation adéquate a été obtenue dans 62,6 % des épisodes de transfusion. Ce pourcentage variait de 41 % à 73 % selon les spécialités médicales. Nous avons observé que 15,7 % des demandes de transfusion d’érythrocytes et de sang total, 40,8 % des demandes de plaquettes et 34,1 % des demandes de plasma frais congelé étaient contre-indiquées. Les données recueillies sur la fiche d’information de base associées aux autres données collectées peuvent être utilisées pour analyser l’utilisation efficace et conforme des directives nationales et locales des pratiques de transfusion.

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Boali Sina Hospital; ²Department of Surgery, Shahid Rajaei Hospital; ³Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kossar Hospital; Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Islamic Republic of Iran (Correspondence to H. Sheikholeslami: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it ).

⁴Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.

Received: 15/05/09; accepted: 17/08/09

EMHJ, 2010, 16(12): 1257-1262

---

 Introduction

Clinical audit is a management tool for the appraisal and justification of appropriateness and efficiency of transfusion therapy, and an important part of the quality assurance programme which can provide necessary information for improving transfusion medicine practice [1]. Adequate documentation of evidence to support a rationale for blood transfusion is considered an essential part of transfusion medicine. More complete and appropriate documentation allows more transfusion episodes to be assessed in an audit [2]. Transfusion is considered appropriate when it is used to treat conditions leading to significant morbidity and mortality and which cannot be prevented or managed effectively by other means [3]. Various strategies have been developed to reduce the inappropriate use of blood components. These include guidelines and consensus conferences as well as monitoring of transfusion practice, education, and self-audit by clinicians [4].

The World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe developed a pan-European quality system using a basic information sheet (BIS) to improve the clinical use of blood products. The outcome of the pilot study indicated that the BIS for transfusion can serve as a tool for data collection and evaluation. Moreover, assessment of the impact of the transfusion BIS showed that BIS-based information can be used for measurement of performance against local guidelines, comparison of practices, improving performance and facilitating best transfusion practices [5].

The aims of the present study were to extend previous works on assessing the practicality of using the transfusion BIS for data collection, to determine the overall adequacy of physician documentation of blood product transfusion, and to carry out an audit of the appropriateness of blood products transfusion using the WHO BIS.

Methods

We prospectively reviewed the transfusion process using a WHO transfusion BIS [5], and clinical indications for red blood cell (RBC), platelet, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions administered to adult (≥ 18 years) hospitalized patients in 3 tertiary care teaching hospitals in Qazvin (Department of Internal Medicine at Boali Sina Hospital, Department of Surgery at Shahid Rajaei Hospital, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Kossar Hospital) in the 9-month period December 2007–August 2008.

The appropriate use of platelet and FFP transfusions was assessed using the recommendations published by the British Committee for Standards in Haematology (BCSH) [6,7], and RBC transfusions were reviewed and compared with the current hospital guidelines.

An internal medicine attending physician used the BCSH and the hospital guidelines for each request within 48 h of transfusion to classify the transfusion as appropriate if the criteria were completely fulfilled and inappropriate if the criteria were not completely covered. Doubtful assessments were judged by consensus after case review with a clinical haematologist.

The following information was documented through a customized BIS for transfusion [5] (Farsi version, translated by a haematologist native to the study area) by internal medicine, surgery, and obstetrics and gynaecology resident physicians at the time a blood product was requested for any adult patient: age, weight, date, transfusion start time, emergency or routine request, diagnosis, clinical indications, pre- and post-transfusion laboratory and clinical assessment, transfusion targets, blood components transfused, supporting therapies, transfusion outcome (clinical and/or laboratory improvement), and transfusion side-effects [5].

Documentation adequacy was judged independent of transfusion justification. Transfusions were classified as adequately documented if, at least, the BIS included:

documentation of a plan for transfusion;

documentation of pre- and post-transfusion clinical or laboratory assessment;

documentation of outcome of transfusion (clinical and/or laboratory improvement) regardless of whether the transfusion episode was justified or not.

All resident physicians responsible for prescribing in the study departments were asked for their consent to participate in the study, and were provided with guidance information for using the transfusion BIS. They were also asked to state any additional clinical conditions which may influence transfusion decisions but which were not included in the form.

The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.

SPSS, version 13.0, was used both at data entry and analysis.

Results

During the study period, 829 transfusion episodes were documented in 742 patients, who received a total number of 1994 units of blood components. The patient demographic data and transfusion episode information for each department are shown in Table 1.

Of 829 transfusion episodes, 519 were identified as adequately documented [43.4% (40/92) of whole blood transfusion episodes, 67.2% (361/537) of red cell transfusion episodes, 59.7% (52/87) of platelet transfusion episodes, and 58.4% (66/113) of FFP transfusion episodes]. This means adequate documentation of at least a plan for transfusion, pre- and post-transfusion clinical or laboratory assessment, and outcome of transfusion.

Documentation adequacy of each part of the BIS was determined. Adequate documentation of patient identification required that patient’s name, age, sex, and weight were completed. Transfusion targets, pre- and post-transfusion assessment, were judged adequately documented if, as a minimum, appropriate fields according to prescribed blood components were completed. Adequate documentation of the outcome of transfusion necessitated that minimally, the result and 1 of the therapeutic effects of transfusion (clinical or laboratory improvement) were included.

Patient identification was adequately documented in 64.6% of transfusion episodes, and the transfusion start time in 76.2% (Table 2). Documentation of the laboratory or clinical circumstances necessitating transfusion, and targets and outcome of transfusion reached the 80% minimum accuracy requirement for medical recording (Table 2).

The volume of blood loss, the existence of shock and the International Statistical Classification of Disease (ICD10) code were inadequately documented in all departments.

Improvement after transfusion therapy was achieved in 88.2% of transfusion episodes with a range of 84.8%–93.0%, depending on the department (Table 2). Although in 389 (58.6%)episodes the clinicians indicated that they had achieved the laboratory improvement, a review of outcome indicators comparing the registered outcome with actual outcome showed that in 25% of episodes laboratory improvement was not actually achieved after transfusion

Of 596 episodes of whole blood and RBC transfusion, 503 (84.3%) were considered appropriate according to the current hospitals guidelines (Table 3). Of 76 episodes of platelet transfusion, 45 (59.2%) were deemed appropriate according to the BCSH guidelines, and of 91 episodes of FFP transfusion 31 (65.9%) were deemed appropriate according to the same guidelines. Overall, of 763 blood product transfusions, 79.6% were judged appropriate.

Discussion

Several lines of research have emerged that suggest the use of the transfusion BIS promotes self education in new staff, permits a further improvement in appropriate requests by acting as a checklist and promoting reflective practice, and allows the audit of transfusion practice to be performed easily [5,8].

Although most departments (with the exception of obstetrics and gynae­cology) reached adequate documentation of greater than 80% in critical areas of the transfusion BIS (transfusion targets, pre- and post-transfusion outcome), the overall adequate documentation (at least documentation of a reason for transfusion, pre- and post-transfusion clinical or laboratory assessment, and the transfusion outcome) was achieved only in 62.6% of all transfusion episodes.

These items all are dynamic components of clinical decision-making [3]. The WHO BIS would support the clinical decision making, provided the collection of related information necessary to make a decision are documented as accurately and completely as possible by clinicians, that highlights the importance of observing, training, and providing performance feedback on a regular basis particularly on the areas of poor compliance and performance to ensure achievement of compliance and performance standards necessary to support the efficiency and appropriateness of transfusion [9,10].

The finding that in 58.6% of cases, the clinicians indicated that they had achieved their laboratory results, but in only 33.6% did they meet the actual endpoints, while not inconsistent with WHO findings [5], is striking, and highlights the discrepancy between clinicians’ statements and actual performance. The study results showed that there was a significant correlation between this finding and inappropriate use within established clinical guidelines.

The volume of blood loss and the existence of shock were inadequately documented in the study departments. As the correct diagnosis of shock is critical for proper management, an accurate history and assessment of the patient’s symptoms must be performed before commencing treatment. Including the degree of hypovolaemic shock (according to percentage of the blood loss and the associated clinical signs) in the WHO BIS is, therefore, more practical than global assessment of shock and leads to improved documentation.

Moreover, in agreement with results of previous reports [5,8], the ICD10 code was often not recorded, probably because it was seldom available for the clinicians at the bedside practice. Therefore the ICD10 code could be removed and replaced with free text asking clinical indication for the transfusion as well as the patient-based conditions that may influence the decision to transfuse a blood product (e.g. active bleeding in a patient with known cardiovascular or respiratory disease). Including the indications for transfusion would also improve adherence to transfusion guidelines and ensure appropriate blood transfusion practice.

Although this study did not aim to assess the proportion of inappropriate use of blood components and the situations in which the transfusions were considered inappropriate, the audit data using the WHO BIS showed that 15.7% of RBC and whole blood requests, 40.8% of platelet requests, and 34.1% of FFP requests, were inappropriate. The rate of inappropriate use of RBC, platelet, and FFP was within the ranges reported in previous studies [11–16]. However, our results are not directly comparable with these results because of differences in the guidelines used.

Furthermore, of 629 transfusion episodes, 263 were for a single unit of whole blood or red cell transfusion and 62% of these were classed as inappropriate use. Skodlar et al. [8] and Metz et al. [12] also found a high proportion of inappropriate use of single-unit transfusion. Transfusion of a single unit of RBC should not be considered inappropriate by itself, however, its use without an appropriate clinical judgement is not acceptable [17,18].

Audits identify areas of problems in transfusion practice which can be corrected by education and formulation of practice guidelines [19]. To improve the effectiveness of the audit programmes, an audit must be simple, periodic, systematic and documented.

The WHO BIS includes transfusion measures for RBCs, platelets, and FFP and the reasons for transfusion for all blood components. These measures can be used for initial audits.

Building on prior work [5,8], the authors predicted that the WHO BIS could be used in clinical settings as a practical data collection tool. The study findings support this prediction. Additionally, the WHO BIS will enable the transfusion service to improve patient care and outcome through the systematic review of the use of transfused blood components against transfusion guidelines. In addition to retrospective review of transfusion practice, the WHO BIS allows the transfusion service to evaluate product utilization by a prospective or concurrent review of ordering practices. In the prospective audit, reviewing and justifying the decision to use transfusion is provided prior to prescription and administration of blood, and the patient receives the correct blood product or avoids an unnecessary transfusion, whereas a concurrent audit of requests is performed by reviewing all order forms within 12–24 hours after blood component administration and gives more timely feedback to clinicians about their individual guideline adherence [19].

Furthermore, the WHO BIS could be customized to ensure efficacy of audit processes by considering certain points, e.g. it could include the classification of the degree of hypovolaemic shock. A free text asking about some details regarding the patient’s diagnosis and any relevant procedures to be undertaken that may influence the transfusion decision could also be included.

In conclusion, the study findings suggest that the WHO BIS would be a practical tool for both data collection and auditing the transfusion practice. Further research, however, should be carried out to assess the feasibility, validity and supporting role of the WHO BIS in effective local implementation and audit of guidelines.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge the support of all resident physicians at the participating hospitals for their contribution to the study. This research was supported by grants from Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Research Committee.

References

1. Audit measures for good practice in blood transfusion medicine. London, Royal College of Physicians Publications, 1995.
2. Cheng G et al. The effects of a self educating blood component request form and enforcements of transfusion guidelines on FFP and platelet usage. Clinical Laboratory Haematology, 1996, 18:83–87.
3. The clinical use of blood handbook. Geneva, World Health Organization, Blood Transfusion Safety, 2002. www.who.int/bloodsafety/clinical_use/en/Handbook_EN.pdf (accessed 8 August 2009).
4. Hui CH, Williams I, Davis K.. Clinical audit of the use of fresh-frozen plasma and platelets in a tertiary teaching hospital and the impact of a new transfusion request form. Internal Medicine Journal, 2005, 35(5):283–288.
5. Doughty HA. The Basic Information Sheet (BIS) for transfusion. A new tool for data collection: interim report from pilot trials. In: Kalo I, ed. Development of quality systems to improve the clinical use of blood. Report on a WHO regional WORKSHOP, Groningen, the Netherlands, 29–31 October 2001. Copenhagen, World Health Organization, 2002.
6. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Blood Transfusion Task Force, Guidelines for the use of platelet transfusions. British Journal of Haematology, 2003, 122(1):10–23.
7. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines for the use of fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and cryosupernatant. British Journal of Haematology, 2004, 126(1):11–28.
8. Skodlar J et al. The use of a World Health Organization Transfusion Basic Information Sheet to evaluate transfusion practice in Croatia. Vox Sanguinis, 2005, 89:86–91.
9. Garrioch M et al. Reducing red cell transfusions by audit, education and a new guideline in a large teaching hospital. Transfusion Medicine, 2004,14:25–31.
10. Goodnough LT et al. Transfusion medicine—blood transfusion. New England Journal of Medicine, 1999, 340:438–447.
11. Juárez-Rangel E et al. Auditoría transfusional retrospectiva en el Centro Nacional de la Transfusión Sanguínea [Retrospective transfusional audit at the Centro Nacional de la Transfusión Sanguínea]. Revista de investigación clínica, 2004, 56(1):38–42.
12. Metz J et al. Appropriateness of transfusions of red cells, platelets and fresh frozen plasma: an audit in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Medical Journal of Australia, 1995, 162(11):564.
13. Silverman JA et al. The appropriateness of red blood cells transfusions in the peripartum patient. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2004, 104(5 Pt 1):1000–1004.
14. Schofield WN et al. Appropriateness of platelet, fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate transfusion in New South Wales public hospitals. Medical Journal of Australia, 2003, 178(3):117–121.
15. Kakkar N et al. Improvement in fresh frozen plasma transfusion practice: results of an outcome audit. Transfusion Medicine, 2004, 14:231–235.
16. Luk C et al. Prospective audit of the use of fresh-frozen plasma, based on Canadian Medical Association transfusion guidelines. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2002, 166:1539–1540.
17. McClelland B. Effective use of blood components. In: Murphy MF, Pamphillon DH, eds. Practical Transfusion Medicine. Oxford, Blackwell Science, 2001.
18. Arslan O et al. Hb content-based transfusion policy successfully reduces the number of RBC units transfused. Transfusion, 2004, 44:485–488.
19. Joshi GP et al. Audit in transfusion practice. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 1998, 4:141–146.