World Health Organization
منظمة الصحة العالمية
Organisation mondiale de la Santé

Tobacco education in medical schools: survey among primary care physicians in Bahrain

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I. Fadhil1

التثقيف حول التبغ في كليات الطب: مسح بين أطباء الرعاية الأولية في البحرين

ابتهال فاضل الريفي

الخلاصـة: قيَّمت الباحثة في هذه الدراسة الشاملة للقطاعات مدى توافر التثقيف حول التبغ والتدريب على مهارات التدخُّل لدى أطباء الرعاية الأولية في البحرين. فمن بين 217 من أطباء الأُسْرَة في البحرين، أجاب 120 طبيباً (55%) على الاستبيان الذي يدار ذاتياً. وكان 24% منهم من المدخنين حالياً فيما كان 10% من المدخنين سابقاً. وأبلغ معظم هؤلاء الأطباء عن قصور التثقيف في كليات الطب حول تعاطي التبغ والتدخُّلات لمكافحته؛ وأن موضوع الأمراض المتعلِّقة بالتدخين وسيكولوجية تعاطي التبغ ومعالجة الاعتماد عليه لم يتم تغطيتها التغطية الكافية في الكليات الطبية. كما أن التدريب على الإقلاع عن التدخين كان مهملاً بشكل خاص، فلم يتلقّ إلا 4% من الأطباء فقط التدريب في مجال تدخلات الإقلاع عن التدخين.

ABSTRACT This cross-sectional study assessed the extent of tobacco education and intervention skills training among primary care physicians in Bahrain. Out of 217 family physicians in the country, 120 (55%) answered a self-administered questionnaire. A total of 24% were current smokers and 10% were ex-smokers. Inadequate education at medical school about tobacco use and interventions was reported by the majority of physicians. The subject of smoking-related diseases, psychology of tobacco use and management of tobacco dependence were inadequately covered in medical schools. Training in smoking cessation was particularly neglected, with only 4% of physicians receiving training about tobacco cessation interventions.

Information sur le tabac dans les écoles de médecine : enquête auprès des médecins de soins primaires à Bahreïn

RÉSUMÉ Cette étude transversale a évalué l’importance de l’information sur le tabac et de l’acquisition de compétences en matière d’interventions chez les médecins de soins primaires de Bahreïn. Sur 217 médecins de famille dans le pays, 120 (55 %) ont répondu à un questionnaire auto-administré. Au total, 24 % étaient fumeurs au moment de l’étude et 10 % étaient d’anciens fumeurs. La plupart de ces médecins ont déclaré que l’enseignement dispensé dans les écoles de médecine à propos de la consommation de tabac et des interventions associées était inadapté. Les maladies liées au tabagisme, la psychologie du fumeur et la prise en charge de la dépendance tabagique n’étaient pas suffisamment abordées dans ces écoles. La formation en matière de sevrage tabagique était particulièrement négligée, seuls 4 % des médecins ayant appris à effectuer des interventions dans ce domaine.

1Chronic Diseases Unit, Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain (Correspondence to I. Fadhil: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it ).
Received: 09/07/06; accepted: 11/01/07
EMHJ, 2009, 15(4):969-975

Introduction

Tobacco use kills millions of people each year. World Health Organization (WHO) epidemiologists predict that unless there is a dramatic change in present trends, tobacco will be killing 8.4 million people a year by the late 2020s [1].

Physicians have an important role to play in tobacco control activities as they have both access to and influence over the population of smokers. They can initiate and monitor cessation treatment with smokers [2]. Most studies have shown that even very brief advice from doctors yields 1-year quit rates of 5%–10% [3,4] and that interventions that include follow-up sessions produce abstinence rates of 20%–36% [4–6]. Recording tobacco history use for each patient, particularly patients with chronic diseases, is important.

However, a recent British study reported that less than one-third of smokers could recall being given advice to quit by their general practitioner [7]. In Australia just over 50% of smokers had been given such advice, and general practitioners could identify only 62% of their patients who smoked [8,9]. WHO has focused on the role of health professionals in the tobacco control process. The theme for World No Tobacco day in 2005 was the role of health professionals in tobacco control.

In Bahrain, the prevalence of smoking was reported to be 29.5% among males aged 19 years and over and 18.6% among females of the same age group [10]. A study of smoking prevalence among population subgroups showed that 22.1% of primary care physicians and 1.9% of female physicians in Bahrain were smoking on a regular basis, while 34.6% of male dentists and 11.5% of female dentists were smokers [11]. There is also evidence of a rising prevalence of smoking among youth in Bahrain. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey reported a smoking rate of 33.5% among males and 11.9% among females aged 13–15 years [12].

Part of the Bahraini Ministry of Health (MOH) response to the public health problem of tobacco focuses on the role of health professionals in tobacco control. Therefore it is important at this stage to identify physicians’ need for training and education in the area of tobacco prevention and management of nicotine addiction in patients. The main objectives of the present study were to look at the extent of tobacco education and training received in medical schools by primary care physicians in Bahrain and to establish whether the physicians felt well-equipped to deliver smoking cessation interventions in their clinical practice.

Methods

There are 22 primary health centres in Bahrain with a total of 217 primary care physicians. The data for the survey were collected during a workshop for primary care physicians organized by the Ministry of Health in early 2005. The workshop aimed at

capacity-building and maximizing the involvement of primary health professionals in tobacco control activities. The participants were all primary care physicians representing the professionals at each health centre. All physicians at the workshop (n = 120) participated in the study.

The survey used a self-completion questionnaire with the following items:

All questions were completed anonymously. The completed questionnaires were collected by the author.

Descriptive statistics and data management were generated using Epi-Info, version 6. Forms with missing responses to a few questions numbered less than 3, and these were included in the study.

Results

The majority of participating physicians (88%) were Bahraini nationals. There were 36% male and 64% female physicians. The mean age was 36.5 years. Only 23% had completed their medical training in Bahrain (at the Arabian Gulf University); the majority (77%) had been trained outside Bahrain at various medical universities (in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India and others) (Table 1).

Nearly one-quarter (24%) of the physicians reported being smokers, 10% were ex-smokers and 66% were never smokers (Table 1). Of the current smokers, 3% regularly smoked tobacco in waterpipes (shisha).

Tobacco education at medical school

The responses to questions about tobacco education and knowledge of harmful effects of tobacco use received during medical school training are shown on Table 2.

The majority of the physicians (87%) reported that their course had covered in detail the effects of tobacco use on both the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. However, only 38% said that it had covered the effect of tobacco use on the genitourinary system, including cancer of the bladder, 14% the reproduction system, and 12% the effect on skin and connective tissues (Table 2).

Only 13% of the physicians reported that they had covered the subject of tobacco dependence at medical school; even fewer physicians had been taught about the psychology of smoking (e.g. reasons why people tend to smoke) and about the difficulty people have in stopping smoking (8% and 4% respectively) (Table 2).

The physicians were asked about their perceptions regarding tobacco use; 12% of the physicians perceived tobacco use as an addiction with its corresponding withdrawal symptoms, while 10% saw it as a habit; 78% believed that tobacco use is both a form of addiction and also a behavioural habit (Table 3).

Recording patients’ tobacco use

The majority of physicians (88%) reported having brief training about the need to record the tobacco history of patients. However, while 52% of physicians believed that eliciting tobacco history was important, a mismatch existed between perceived importance and their current practice. Almost none of the physicians (4%) actually recorded patients’ tobacco use (Table 3). Lack of time, heavy workload and lack of motivation were the main obstacles stated by the majority of respondents.

Training on smoking cessation interventions

Almost all the physicians (85%) said they had received no formal training on smoking cessation interventions at medical school (Table 2). No differences were noted between physicians trained locally and overseas with regard to smoking cessation training.

While 91% of physicians were familiar with nicotine replacement therapy (e.g. chewing gum and skin patches), they stated that their knowledge was gained in practice and not at medical school training. Only 13% of physicians knew about bupropion tablets as non-nicotine medication and its role in the management of tobacco dependence and 10% had heard about the role of other non-pharmacological therapy (e.g. motivational and behavioural therapy, acupuncture, etc.) (Table 2).

The physicians’ opinion about the role of physicians versus other health professionals in the management of smokers is shown in Table 3. The majority (78%) believed that psychologists were the health professionals responsible for management of tobacco dependence. Half of the physicians (48%) thought that pharmacists were responsible and only 36% believed in the role of physicians in the management of tobacco use. Almost all physicians (97%) considered funding for the smoking cessation medication as essential for the success for smoking cessation programmes.

More than 90% of respondents indicated that additional information or training on behavioural techniques for quitting smoking would be “extremely” or “somewhat” helpful.

Discussion

There is clear evidence that doctors and primary care physicians play an important role in assisting patients with smoking cessation [13–16]. However, adequate education and training is essential.

The present study revealed that 24% of primary care physicians were smokers. Similar rates among primary care physicians in Bahrain were reported previously (26.6% and 23.8%) [17,18]. While the smoking rate among the general adult male population in Bahrain is higher (29.5%) [10], the rate of smoking among male physicians is of concern and may undermine their credibility in the management of smokers and minimize their role in tobacco control programmes.

The results of this study reflect deficiencies in physicians’ knowledge about tobacco harm. Only 14% and 12% of physicians respectively were taught about the harmful effects of tobacco on the reproductive system and connective tissues. The international study conducted by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases found major deficits in knowledge among medical students with regard to the diseases less commonly associated with tobacco, as well as skills related to tobacco dependence counselling [13].

Education gaps were noted again in areas related to tobacco use and dependence. Only 12% of physicians were taught about the psychology of nicotine addiction. Similarly there were deficiencies in physician’s education about why people smoke and the difficulty in quitting smoking. These deficits may be associated with general shortcomings in tobacco education strategies and the tobacco education curriculum at universities.

Despite the fact that recording patients’ tobacco use and history are important, particularly for patients with chronic disease, our study showed that the majority of physicians were not trained to take a tobacco history. While 52% of physicians believed in the significance of tobacco history, 96% did not comply with this and explained their inadequate performance as due to heavy workload at primary care centres and lack of motivation.

For management of tobacco use and dependence, the majority of physicians had no formal training. Furthermore, physician’s knowledge about the measures available for smoking cessation was inadequate. While 91% of the physicians knew about nicotine replacement therapy, only 13% were aware of non-nicotine medication (bupropion), and only 10% knew about the role of other measures (e.g. counselling, acupuncture) in tobacco cessation. These findings reflect missed opportunities for physicians to provide effective smoking cessation counselling and tobacco control interventions.

The results of this study are consistent with the findings of other researchers who investigated tobacco education in medical school curricula. A global survey of medical schools showed that only 11% had a specific module on tobacco education and 12% of schools did not cover the topic of tobacco in the medical curriculum; this was as high as one-quarter in medical schools in Africa and Asia [13,19].

Based on the current tobacco control strategy in Bahrain that attempts to lower tobacco use and maximize the tobacco quit rate, there is a need to review and improve tobacco education and tobacco intervention skills in the curriculum of medical students as well as other health professionals. Most respondents thought that additional information or training on behavioural techniques for quitting smoking would be helpful.

To sum up, the prevalence of smoking is high among primary care physicians in Bahrain (24%). The majority of physicians had not been trained about eliciting tobacco use history, and only 4% actually took a tobacco use history from patients. Major training deficiencies in medical schools about smoking cessation interventions were noted.

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