World Health Organization
منظمة الصحة العالمية
Organisation mondiale de la Santé

An epidemiological study on survival of oropharyngeal cancer cases in Alexandria, Egypt

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N.K.R. Ibrahim,1 M.S. Al Ashakar,2 Z.M. Gad,3 M.H. Warda4 and H. Ghanem5

دراسة وبائية حول البقاء على قيد الحياة لحالات السرطان الفموي البلعومي في الإسكندرية، مصر

نهلة خميس رجب إبراهيم، مروة سعد محمد الأشقر، زهيرة متولي جاد، محمد حسين وردة، حفاظ مصطفى غانم

الخلاصـة: أجرى الباحثون دراسة أترابية استعادية للتعرف على البقاء على قيد الحياة لمدة 5 سنوات وعلى عوامل الإنذار [المآل] والبقاء على قيد الحياة لدى 407 من حالات السرطان الفموي البلعومي التي سجلت في 3 مستشفيات كبرى في الإسكندرية، بمصر في المدة 1996 – 2000. وأجرى الباحثون تحليل التحوف بحسب كوكس باستخدام منحنيات كابلان – ميير. وقد كان المعدَّل الإجمالي للبقاء على قيد الحياة لمدة 5 سنوات 30.8% كما أوضح التحليل المتعدد المتغيرات أن عوامل المآل التي يُعتدّ بها إحصائياً للبقاء على قيد الحياة هي: مرحلة الورم (نسبة المخاطرة = 2.39، بفاصلة ثقة 95% متراوحة بين 1.41 و11.72) وموقع الورم، وعمر المريض. وأوصى الباحثون بإمكانية تحقيق الوقاية من سرطانات الفموية البلعومية من خلال التخلص من عوامل الاختطار. ويمكن تنفيذ الوقاية الثانوية للسرطانات الفموية البلعومية من خلال فحص جوف الفم لكشف الآفات السابقة للسرطان والآفات السرطانية الباكرة، وتحسين فرص البقاء على قيد الحياة نتيجة لذلك .

ABSTRACT: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine the 5-year survival and prognostic factors for survival for 407 oropharyngeal cancer cases registered in the 3 main hospitals in Alexandria, Egypt, from 1996–2000. Survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan–Meier curves, and multivariate Cox regression analysis. The overall 5-year survival rate was 30.8%. Multivariate analysis showed that significant prognostic factors for survival were tumour stage (hazard ratio = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.41–11.72), tumour site and patient’s age. Secondary prevention of oral cancers can be conducted through examination of the oral cavity to find precancerous and early cancerous lesions and hence improve survival.

Étude épidémiologique sur la survie des sujets atteints de cancer oropharyngé à Alexandrie (Égypte)

RÉSUMÉ: Une étude rétrospective de cohorte a été menée afin de déterminer la survie à 5 ans et les facteurs pronostiques de survie concernant 407 cas de cancer oropharyngé enregistrés dans les 3 principaux hôpitaux d’Alexandrie (Égypte) entre 1996 et 2000. L’analyse de survie a été réalisée à l’aide des courbes de Kaplan-Meier et du modèle de régression multivariée de Cox. Le taux global de survie à 5 ans était de 30,8 %. L’analyse multivariée a montré que le stade de la tumeur (rapport des risques instantanés [hazard ratio] = 2,39 ; IC 95 % : 1,41-11,72) et son emplacement, ainsi que l’âge du patient étaient des facteurs pronostiques de survie significatifs. La prévention secondaire des cancers de la bouche peut s’appuyer sur l’examen de la cavité buccale, qui permet de détecter des lésions précancéreuses et des cancers débutants, et d’améliorer ainsi la survie.

1Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Correspondence to N.K.R. Ibrahim: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it ).
2Faculty of Dentistry; 3Department of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health; 4Department of Maxillo-Facial and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry;5Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Received: 10/05/06; accepted: 03/09/06
EMHJ, 2009, 15(2): 369-377

Introduction

Although both oral and pharyngeal cancers are preventable, they remain a major challenge to all oral health programmes [1]. They are ranked as the 7th cause of mortality worldwide according to a World Health Organization (WHO) report in 1998, with an estimated global mortality of 260 000 deaths [2], and accounted for approximately 2% of all cancer deaths in 2004 [3].

Oral cancer is a serious problem and causes high levels of morbidity and mortality in most areas of the world, a situation that has not improved in decades [4]. It constitutes 0.6%–5% of all human malignant tumours [5]. The prevalence of oral cancer is particularly high among men and is ranked as the 8th most common cancer worldwide [1]. According to Parkin et al., the area in the world with the highest incidence of oral cancer was Melanesia (31.5 per 100 000 in men and 20.5 per 100 000 women) [6]. Differing incidence rates of oral cancer in different areas of the world reflect the differing prevalence of specific risk factors, such as use of tobacco, alcohol and betel quid. Mortality is on average less than half the incidence [6].

In Egypt in 1991 the adjusted death rates for malignant neoplasm of the lip, oral cavity and pharynx were 0.3 per 100 000 person-years for males and 0.2 per 100 000 person-years for females [7]. The clinical evolution of oral cancer has a bad prognosis, i.e. the 5-year survival rate ranges from 34% to 56% [5]. Little is known about the disease-specific cumulative survival rate and factors affecting it among patients with oropharyngeal cancer [8]. We therefore investigated the 5-year survival rate and prognostic factors of survival for oro­pharyngeal cancer in Alexandria, Egypt, from 1996–2000.

Methods

Sample

A retrospective cohort study was conducted over 18 months. The cohort comprised all oropharyngeal cancer cases registered over a 5 year period (January 1996 to December 2000) by 3 departments of the main hospitals responsible for diagnosing, treating and registering such cancers in Alexandria. The departments were the maxillofacial department in the Faculty of Dentistry, the oncology department in Alexandria’s main University Hospital and the cancer registry of the Medical Research Institute. A search was made for cases of oropharyngeal cancer from all files of the 3 departments.

Data collection

The registers of oropharangeal cancer cases were reviewed to collect personal and clinical data about the site, size, histopathological type, grading and staging of the tumour. The clinical data were evaluated by means of the original pathology report and clinical description of the treatment.

Follow-up letters were sent to patients asking that they report to assigned clinics. Those who could not come were asked to explain. A few letters were received from the relatives of patients reporting their death and date of death. Home visits were made to patients who missed the follow-up. Cases were classified as alive, dead (date of death was recorded) or lost to follow-up (date of last visit was determined from the records).

The follow-up period, which was the period between the date of disease diagnosis and the last date of follow-up, was calculated in months for each patient.

Statistical analysis

The statistical analysis was done using SPSS, version 9. Survival of patients was computed for all cases known to follow-up as one group. The influence of study variables on survival was examined by univariate and multivariate analysis.

For univariate analysis, survival after diagnosis was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier procedure using the product limit method. The Kaplan–Meier method was based on the information available on each case, i.e. the period of follow-up of each patient in months. The probability of survival over a given length of time with many small intervals was calculated. The obtained estimates were expressed in graphical form drawn as a step function. The proportion surviving remained unchanged between events even if there were some intermediate censored observations.

The significance of the difference between survival curves was calculated by the log rank test of significance. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Survival duration was also calculated by fitting data with multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model (stepwise method) to control and adjust for all confounding factors. The confidence intervals (CI) for the hazard ratios (HR) were calculated.

Results

The study included 407 oropharyngeal cancer cases, with a mean age of 52.4 [standard deviation (SD) 16.0] years. Among all cancer cases, 120 cases (29.5%) were alive, 120 (29.5%) were dead, while 167 cases (41.0%) were lost to follow-up. The cases showed a slight male predominance, with a male to female ratio of 1.4:1, although the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

Regarding the site of the neoplasm, 58.8% were intraoral and 41.2% were extraoral. The most frequently affected site was the tongue (19.2%), followed by the cheek (15.2%) and lip (13.0%). About two-thirds (62.8%) of the oropharyngeal cancer cases were squamous cell carcinoma.

The survival time of the study cohort ranged from 36–46 months with a mean of 42 (SD 40.4) months. The cumulative 12-month survival rate was 76.5%, falling to 30.8% for the 5-year survival at the end of the study period (Table 1). 

Survival rates by demographic factors

It is evident from Table 1 that age was significantly associated with survival of patients with oropharangeal cancer. The highest 5-year survival rate (50.0%) was for those aged < 30 years at the time of diagnosis, followed by those aged 30–60 years (42.0%). The survival rate reached 0% among those aged 60+ years (log rank test = 6.02; P < 0.05.

Regarding the influence of sex on the prognosis of orofacial cancer, the survival of males (28.3%) was lower than females (34.8%). However, no significant difference was found between the 2 groups (log rank = 0.02; P > 0.05).

Also, there was no statistically significant difference in 5-year survival rates between those living in urban (33.9%) and rural areas (29.7%) (log rank = 0.04; P > 0.05)

Survival rates by site and type of tumour

The 5-year survival rate (Kaplan–Meier)was statistically significantly much greater for extraoral tumours (48.3%) compared to intraoral sites (20.8%) (log rank test = 12.32; P < 0.05) (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Kaplan–Meier survival curve for oropharyngeal cancer cases in Alexandria, according to site of tumour (log rank test = 12.32; P < 0.05) 

The results revealed that patients with lip cancer had the best survival (73.6%), followed by parotid gland (58.4%), gingiva (51.2%) and retromolar cancers (50.8%).  Poor survival was documented for tumours of the mandible, minor salivary glands, tonsils and floor of the mouth. These differences were statistically significant (log rank test = 28.07; P < 0.05)

The survival rates differed statistically significantly according to the histopathological types of tumour. The best 5-year survival rate in the present study was for basal cell carcinoma (100%) followed by salivary gland tumour (64.9%) while the lowest survival (29.5%) was for patients with squamous cell carcinoma (log rank test = 19.11; P < 0.05).

The results showed that the best survival of oropharyngeal cancers was for those with well-differentiated tumours compared to those with moderately and poorly differentiated types and there was a statistically significance difference between the 3 groups (log rank = 6.59; P < 0.05).

The survival rate was much lower among patients with lymph node involvement compared to other patients. About 60% difference in survival was noticed between patients with positive lymph nodes compared to those with negative lymph node (log rank test = 29.47; P = 0.000) (Figure 3).

 Figure 3 Kaplan–Meier survival curve for oropharyngeal cancer cases in Alexandria, according to lymph node involvement (log rank = 29.47; P < 0.001)

Survival rates by stage of tumour

Table 2 shows that the 5-year survival rates were inversely proportional to the stage of tumour; the rates were 100%, 65.6%, 42.0% and 0% for patients in stage I, II, III and IV respectively. These differences were highly statistically significant (log rank = 63.50; P < 0.001).

Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that patients who presented with localized stage (stage I and stage II) had a higher probability of survival than those presenting with advanced stage (stage III and stage IV) (Figure 2). The mean survival time was 63 (SD 19.9) months and 30 (SD 43.3) months for the localized and advanced stages respectively (log rank test = 47.81; P < 0.001).

 Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier survival curve for oropharyngeal cancer cases in Alexandria, according to the tumour stage (log rank test = 47.81; P < 0.001)

Predictors of survival

Multivariate Cox regression analysis (Table 3) showed the factors that remained significant predictors of survival after controlling of all confounding variables. The first predictor of oropharyngeal cancer survival was staging of tumour. Those with advanced stages (stage III, IV) were at 2.39 times increased risk of death compared to those with localized stages I (stage I, II). The second predictor was the site of tumour; those with intraoral site had about 2 times increased risk of death compared to those with extraoral tumours (HR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.19–4.01).

Discussion

Oral and pharyngeal cancer survival rates are relatively little studied but it is known that a patient’s chance of survival is improved significantly with early detection and treatment [9]. The results of our study showed that male cases prevailed over females (1.4:1), and the tongue was the most frequent site of oropharyngeal cancers. This result concurs with results of 2 studies reported from Argentina in 2005 [5] and 2006 [4].

A low 5-year survival rate of oropharyngeal cancer cases (30.8%) was found in the our study. A similar figure was obtained from an older study of oropharyngeal cancer from Germany (32%) [10]. On the other hand, higher rates have been obtained from results of a meta-analysis in Argentina (39%) [5], and from Italy (43.9%) [11] and the United State of America (USA) (56%) [12]. The wide discrepancy in survival rates of these studies compared to our study may be due to better screening with early detection of cases, and advances in diagnosis and therapeutic modalities that lead to early discovery and treatment of patients which could boost survival and reduce morbidity and mortality [13].

Our study showed that the 5-year survival rate from oropharyngeal cancer was directly related to age. This agrees with studies from Chicago, USA in 2005 [14], Taiwan in 2004 [15] and Spain in 2002 [16].

In Italy, Carini et al. demonstrated that the closer the tumour origin to the inner sites of the mouth, the lower the survival rate [17]. This result agrees with ours; the survival rates were 20.8% and 48.3% for intraoral and extraoral sites respectively. The best survival rate in our study was with lip cancer; this concurs with the result of Yeole et al. in India [18]. This may be because lip cancer is noticed early by the patients and so they seek early diagnosis and treatment before it reaches an advanced stage.

Our findings demonstrate poor survival rate for patients with squamous cell carcinoma (29.5%); the best prognosis of 100% was for basal cell carcinoma. This result differs from that of Oliver et al. in the USA who found no correlation between the oral cancer and its histopathological type [19].

Herrera et al. found that the presence of lymph node metastasis was one of the most important prognostic factors in oral cancer [20]. Our findings showed that the 5-year survival rates for oropharyngeal cancer were 85.3% and 25.0% in the groups without (N–) and with (N+) lymph node involvement respectively. Results of a study conducted among patients with oral cancer in Jordan agree with ours; their corresponding figures were 87% and 17% respectively [21]. Noguchi et al. reported rates of 91% and 41% for Japanese patients in N– and N+ groups respectively [22]. The higher figures obtained from the Japanese study may be attributed to the early diagnosis of oral cancer and the advances in treatment approaches.

Several studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between advanced tumour stage and patient survival, which agrees with our results [8,12,23,24]. In  our study, the 5-year survival rates were 100%, 65.6%, 42.0% and 0% for patients in stage I, II, III and IV respectively, which is similar (except for stage IV) to that obtained from a Brazilian study with rates of 76.7%, 64.4%, 44.8% and 25.5% for the 4 stages respectively [23]. However, our results are much lower than those obtained from 2 studies that investigated the outcomes of oral squamous cell carcinoma after surgical therapy in Taiwan [24] and Australia [8].

Several studies have shown poor survival for advanced stages (III, IV) of oral cancer compared with localized stages (stages I, II) [20,25]. This agrees with our results where survival was much better for localized (69.7%) compared to advanced tumours (21.2%).

Multivariate analysis showed significant prognostic values for 3 factors: staging of tumour, site of tumour and patient’s age. Varela-Centelles et al. found that independent prognostic values for oral cancer in Spain were patient’s age, tumour size and stage [16], while Kademani et al. in the USA [12] reported that grade and stage were independent factors in predicting survival in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Our study was a hospital-based not a population based study. It therefore probably does not represent the totality of cases of oropharyngeal cancer in Alexandria.

Conclusion

Poor survival rates of oropharyngeal cancers were recorded in the present study. Advanced tumour stage (due to delay in seeking medical treatment) was found to be the most important predictor of poor survival, suggesting that the patient’s chance of survival may be improved with early detection and treatment of the tumour. Therefore efforts should be made to improve the rate of early detection, perhaps through public education and screening for oral cancer by examination of the oral cavity, especially for high-risk groups.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all those who facilitated the accomplishment of this work and to thank also all patients who participated in the study.

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